Allicient

Create a basic WordPress theme

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To do this we will have to create the following files into the tutorial_theme directory:<br />
<br />
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 header.php – This file will contain the code for the header section of the theme. </div>
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index.php – This is the main file for the theme. It will contain the code for the Main Area and will specify   where the other files will be included.</div>
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sidebar.php – This file will contain the information about the sidebar.</div>
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 footer.php – This file will handle your footer.    </div>
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style.css – This file will handle the styling of your new theme.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu73LnlKSJdC8O_u4SWFKhf9mQcjZBD0jdIGHzmUUpFngJF3MrlV9kj6m-Ji3a3kNuaZ3ieNjdqBojA4Q1IPc-XHwhbW7vsGhoCISdzEz5eFD7___9UymgaXmLJPk0Bq02h2aNWyhkW73T/s1600/img_wp_theme.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu73LnlKSJdC8O_u4SWFKhf9mQcjZBD0jdIGHzmUUpFngJF3MrlV9kj6m-Ji3a3kNuaZ3ieNjdqBojA4Q1IPc-XHwhbW7vsGhoCISdzEz5eFD7___9UymgaXmLJPk0Bq02h2aNWyhkW73T/s1600/img_wp_theme.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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You can either create those files locally with a simple text editor(like notepad for example) and upload them via FTP or you can use the File Manager tool in your cPanel to create the files directly on your hosting account.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Now let’s take a closer look at each file and what it should contain:</div>
<b>The header.php file</b><br />
<br />
In this file you should add the following code:<br />
<pre class="brush:css"><html>
<head>
<title>Tutorial theme</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php bloginfo('stylesheet_url'); ?>">
</head>
<body>
<div id="wrapper">
<div id="header">
<h1>HEADER</h1>
</div></pre>
<pre class="brush:css"> </pre>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Basically, this is simple HTML code with a single line containing a php code and a standard WordPress function. In this file you can specify your meta tags such as the title of your website, meta description and the keywords for your page.</div>
<br />
Right after the title the line we add<br />
<pre class="brush:css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="<?php bloginfo('stylesheet_url'); ?>"></pre>
tells WordPress to load the style.css file. It will handle the styling of your website.<br />
<pre class="brush:php"><?php bloginfo('stylesheet_url'); ?></pre>
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The part of the line is a WordPress function that actually loads the stylesheet file.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Next, we have added the beginning of a “div” with class wrapper which will be the main container of the website. We have set class for it so we can modify it via the style.css file.</div>
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<br /></div>
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After that we have added a simple label HEADER wrapped in a “div” with class “header” which will be later specified in the stylesheet file.</div>
<b>The index.php file</b><br />
<pre class="brush:php"><?php get_header(); ?>
<div id="main"> <div id="content">
 <h1>Main Area</h1>
<?php if (have_posts()) : while (have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>
<h1><?php the_title(); ?></h1>
<h4>Posted on <?php the_time('F jS, Y') ?></h4>
<p><?php the_content(__('(more...)')); ?>
</p> <hr> <?php endwhile; else: ?>
<p><?php _e('Sorry, no posts matched your criteria.'); ?>
</p><?php endif; ?> </div> <?php get_sidebar(); ?>
</div> <div id="delimiter"> </div>
<?php get_footer(); ?> </pre>
The code in this file begins with<br />
<pre class="brush:php"><?php get_header(); ?> </pre>
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which will include the header.php file and the code in it in the main page. It uses an internal WordPress function to do this. We will explain this in details later in this tutorial. Then we have placed a Main Area text to indicate which section of your theme is displayed in this area.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The next few lines consist of a PHP code and standard WordPress functions. This code checks whether you have posts in your blog created through the WordPress administrative area and displays them.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Next, we include the sidebar.php file with this line</div>
<pre class="brush:php"><?php get_sidebar(); ?></pre>
In this file you can display your post categories, archives etc.<br />
<br />
After this line, we insert an empty “div” that will separate the Main Area and the Sidebar from the footer.<br />
<br />
Finally, we add one last line<br />
<pre class="brush:php"><?php get_footer(); ?></pre>
which will include the footer.php file in your page.<br />
The sidebar.php file<br />
<br />
In the sidebar.php we will add the following code:<br />
<br />
<pre class="brush:php"><div id="sidebar">
<h2 ><?php _e('Categories'); ?></h2>
<ul >
 <?php wp_list_cats('sort_column=name&optioncount=1&hierarchical=0'); ?>
</ul>
<h2 ><?php _e('Archives'); ?></h2>
<ul >
 <?php wp_get_archives('type=monthly'); ?>
</ul>
</div>
</pre>
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In this file we use internal WordPress functions to display the Categories and Archives of posts. The WordPress function returns them as list items, therefore we have wrapped the actual functions in unsorted lists (the <ul> tags).</div>
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The footer.php file</div>
<br />
You should add these lines to the footer.php file:<br />
<pre class="brush:html"><div id=”footer”>
<h1>FOOTER</h1>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html></pre>
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With this code we add a simple FOOTER lable. Instead of this code you can add links, additional text, the copyright information for your theme and additional objects.</div>
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The style.css file</div>
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Add the following lines to the style.css file:</div>
<pre class="brush:css">body { text-align: center; }
#wrapper { display: block; border: 1px #a2a2a2 solid; width:90%;  margin:0px auto; }
#header { border: 2px #a2a2a2 solid; }
#content { width: 75%; border: 2px #a2a2a2 solid; float: left; }
#sidebar { width: 23%; border: 2px #a2a2a2 solid; float: right; }
#delimiter { clear: both; }
#footer { border: 2px #a2a2a2 solid; }
.title { font-size: 11pt; font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold; }</pre>
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This simple css file sets the basic looks of your theme. Those lines set the background of your page and surround the main parts of your site with borders for convenience.</div>
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<br /></div>
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At this point your website should look like this:</div>
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As we have previously mentioned, internal WordPress functions are often used in the code of the theme. You can take a look at the complete Function Reference at the official website of WordPress for more information about each function.</div>
</div>

Create a basic WordPress theme

Unknown 0 Wordpress 11:22

To do this we will have to create the following files into the tutorial_theme directory: header.php – This file will contain the code for the header section of the theme. index.php – This is the main file for the theme. It will contain the code fo… Read more »

30Dec2014

Register Menus In WordPress

Unknown 1 Wordpress 23:32

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Create A New WordPress Menu<br />
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WordPress allows you to create your own custom menus from pages or category items. Using your theme settings you can define where certain menus can appear. For example you can create a menu for all your categories and display this at the top of your page.<br />
<br />
To create a menu in WordPresscreate_menu_wp go to the menu item in the appearance menu. Pick a name for your menu and start adding items to it. When items are on the menu you can drag and drop the menu items to position them.<br />
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Registering Your Menu<br />
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To position your newly created menu on your theme you will first need to register a new menu.<br />
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In your functions.php page copy the following code.<br />
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<pre class="brush:php">function register_menu() {

register_nav_menu('primary-menu', __('Primary Menu'));

}

add_action('init', 'register_menu');

</pre>
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The register_nav_menu function requires two parameters the location of the menu and the description.<br />
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<pre class="brush:php">register_nav_menu( $location, $description );
  </pre>
<br />
Displaying The Menu<br />
<br />
Where you want to display this menu open the file for example the header.php file and paste the following code.<br />
<br />
<pre class="brush:php">if ( has_nav_menu( 'primary-menu' ) ) { /* if menu location 'primary-menu' exists then use custom menu */

wp_nav_menu( array( 'theme_location' => 'primary-menu') );

}
 </pre>
<br />
The wp_nav_menu function will display a theme menu by providing it with a menu theme location.<br />
Assign Menu<br />
<br />
Finally we can assign the primary-menu to your newly created menu. Go back to the menu page in the dashboard find your new menu and assign this menu in your theme location.</div>

Register Menus In WordPress

Unknown 1 Wordpress 23:32

Create A New WordPress Menu WordPress allows you to create your own custom menus from pages or category items. Using your theme settings you can define where certain menus can appear. For example you can create a menu for all your categories and dis… Read more »

29Dec2014

Installing Wordpress

Theallicient 0 Wordpress 16:59

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</div>
<b>WordPress</b> is web software you can use to create a 
beautiful website or blog. We like to say that WordPress is both free 
and priceless at the same time.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2pVeaQVJXNg4nfMCqiCG3gQldAxFurvV8y2m2Rf9XKaMG57FHdkZqCj_OyAKjLg4slNlOXH5vlcwl9rw7Cmqm2lTCDrgngPSEupdDX4l-mfqbywy1UGFR8p9EfC-Mk_DmQcfrzM517U0/s1600/wp_logo_main.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF2pVeaQVJXNg4nfMCqiCG3gQldAxFurvV8y2m2Rf9XKaMG57FHdkZqCj_OyAKjLg4slNlOXH5vlcwl9rw7Cmqm2lTCDrgngPSEupdDX4l-mfqbywy1UGFR8p9EfC-Mk_DmQcfrzM517U0/s1600/wp_logo_main.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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Before installing the word press download the latest version of <a href="https://wordpress.org/latest.zip" target="_blank">wordpress </a></div>
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after that extract the zip file and then upload the WordPress folder on your host.</div>
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I am installing WordPress on localhost.</div>
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just upload the WordPress folder in the www/htdocs folder in wamp/xampp </div>
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then after that follow these steps</div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
Access your WordPress folder from localhost on the web browser. then choose your particular language.</div>
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</li>
<li> Click on ler's go button.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
 Then enter your host name, database name and their lo-gin user name, password etc according to you server and host and then click on submit button. </div>
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<li><div style="text-align: justify;">
 Then enter your site title wp-admin login detail your particular email-addres etc and then click on wordpress button. </div>
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</li>
<li>Now you have successfully installed the WordPress on your host.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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</li>
<li>Now it is your homepage of your wordpress site.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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</li>
<li><div style="text-align: left;">
 If you wants to access your website's dashboard then just enter your website URL/wp-admin Examle www.test.com/wp-admin and enter your login credentials.</div>
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</li>
<li> Here is your word press website's Dashboard <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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</li>
</ol>
So these are some steps to install the WordPress on your host.</div>

Installing Wordpress

Theallicient 0 Wordpress 16:59

WordPress is web software you can use to create a beautiful website or blog. We like to say that WordPress is both free and priceless at the same time. Before installing the word press download the latest version of wordpress after that extract t… Read more »

29Dec2014

Importaint Concept In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:47

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<b>Spooling:-</b> Spooling is the process of a sending data to a spool, or temporary storage area in the computer’s memory. This data may contain files or processes. Like a spool of thread, the data can build up within the spool as multiple files or jobs are sent to it. However, unlike a spool of thread, the first jobs sent to the spool are the first ones to be processed (FIFO, not LIFO).<br />
<br />
The most common type of spooling is print spooling, where print jobs are sent to a print spool before being transmitted to the printer. For example, when you print a document from within an application, the document data is spooled to a temporary storage area while the printer warms up. As soon as the printer is ready to print the document, the data is sent from the spool to the printer and the document is printed.<br />
Semaphore:-<br />
<br />
<b>Semaphores</b><b><b>:-</b> </b>These  are commonly use for two purposes: to share a common memory space and to share access to files. Semaphores are one of the techniques for interprocess communication (IPC). The C programming language provides a set of interfaces or “functions” for managing semaphores.<br />
<br />
In programming, especially in Unix systems, semaphores are a technique for coordinating or synchronizing activities in which multiple processes compete for the same operating system resources. A semaphore is a value in a designated place in operating system (or kernel) storage that each process can check and then change. Depending on the value that is found, the process can use the resource or will find that it is already in use and must wait for some period before trying again. Semaphores can be binary (0 or 1) or can have additional values. Typically, a process using semaphores checks the value and then, if it using the resource, changes the value to reflect this so that subsequent semaphore users will know to wait.<br />
<b>Swapping:-</b> Swapping concept comes in terms of process scheduling. Swapping is basically implemented by Medium term scheduler.Medium term scheduler removes process from CPU for duration and reduce the degree of multiprogramming. And after some time these process can again be reintroduced into main memory. Process execution will again be resumed from the point it left CPU. This scheme is called swapping. More generally we can say swapping is removing of process from memory to secondary memory and again back to main memory.<br />
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<h1>
Spooling:-</h1>
Spooling is the process of a sending data to a spool, or temporary 
storage area in the computer’s memory. This data may contain files or 
processes. Like a spool of thread, the data can build up within the 
spool as multiple files or jobs are sent to it. However, unlike a spool 
of thread, the first jobs sent to the spool are the first ones to be 
processed (FIFO, not LIFO).<br />
The most common type of spooling is print spooling, where print jobs 
are sent to a print spool before being transmitted to the printer. For 
example, when you print a document from within an application, the 
document data is spooled to a temporary storage area while the printer 
warms up. As soon as the printer is ready to print the document, the 
data is sent from the spool to the printer and the document is printed.<br />
<h1>
Semaphore:-</h1>
Semaphores are commonly use for two purposes: to share a common 
memory space and to share access to files. Semaphores are one of the 
techniques for interprocess communication (IPC). The C programming 
language provides a set of interfaces or “functions” for managing 
semaphores.<br />
In programming, especially in Unix systems, semaphores are a 
technique for coordinating or synchronizing activities in which multiple
 processes compete for the same operating system resources. A semaphore 
is a value in a designated place in operating system (or kernel) storage
 that each process can check and then change. Depending on the value 
that is found, the process can use the resource or will find that it is 
already in use and must wait for some period before trying again. 
Semaphores can be binary (0 or 1) or can have additional values. 
Typically, a process using semaphores checks the value and then, if it 
using the resource, changes the value to reflect this so that subsequent
 semaphore users will know to wait.<br />
<h1>
Swapping:-</h1>
Swapping concept comes in terms of process scheduling. Swapping is 
basically implemented by Medium term scheduler.Medium term scheduler 
removes process from CPU for duration and reduce the degree of 
multiprogramming. And after some time these process can again be 
reintroduced into main memory. Process execution will again be resumed 
from the point it left CPU. This scheme is called swapping. More 
generally we can say swapping is removing of process from memory to 
secondary memory and again back to main memory.<br />
<h1>
Paging:-</h1>
Paging is a memory management technique in which the memory is 
divided into fixed size pages. Paging is used for faster access to data.
 When a program needs a page, it is available in the main memory as the 
OS copies a certain number of pages from your storage device to main 
memory. Paging allows the physical address space of a process to be 
noncontiguous.<br />
<h1>
Segmentation:-</h1>
Segmentation is one approach to memory management and protection in 
the operating system. It has been superseded by paging for most 
purposes, but much of the terminology of segmentation is still used, 
“segmentation fault” being an example. Some operating systems still have
 segmentation at some logical level although paging is used as the main 
memory management policy.<br />
<h1>
Thrashing:-</h1>
Thrashing is computer activity that makes little or no progress, 
usually because memory or other resources have become exhausted or too 
limited to perform needed operations. When this happens, a pattern 
typically develops in which a request is made of the operating system by
 a process or program, the operating system tries to find resources by 
taking them from some other process, which in turn makes new requests 
that can’t be satisfied. In a virtual storage system (an operating 
system that manages its logical storage or memory in units called 
pages), thrashing is a condition in which excessive paging operations 
are taking place.<br />
A system that is thrashing can be perceived as either a very slow system or one that has come to a halt.<br />
- See more at: http://localhost:81/test/importaint-concept-in-operating-system/#sthash.U3nbjyNA.dpuf</div>
<br />
<br />
Paging is a memory management technique in which the memory is divided into fixed size pages. Paging is used for faster access to data. When a program needs a page, it is available in the main memory as the OS copies a certain number of pages from your storage device to main memory. Paging allows the physical address space of a process to be noncontiguous.<br />
<br />
<b>Segmentation:-</b> Segmentation is one approach to memory management and protection in the operating system. It has been superseded by paging for most purposes, but much of the terminology of segmentation is still used, “segmentation fault” being an example. Some operating systems still have segmentation at some logical level although paging is used as the main memory management policy.<br />
<b>Thrashing:-</b> Thrashing is computer activity that makes little or no progress, usually because memory or other resources have become exhausted or too limited to perform needed operations. When this happens, a pattern typically develops in which a request is made of the operating system by a process or program, the operating system tries to find resources by taking them from some other process, which in turn makes new requests that can’t be satisfied. In a virtual storage system (an operating system that manages its logical storage or memory in units called pages), thrashing is a condition in which excessive paging operations are taking place.<br />
<br />
A system that is thrashing can be perceived as either a very slow system or one that has come to a halt.</div>

Importaint Concept In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:47

Spooling:- Spooling is the process of a sending data to a spool, or temporary storage area in the computer’s memory. This data may contain files or processes. Like a spool of thread, the data can build up within the spool as multiple files or jobs a… Read more »

26Dec2014

Process Control Block In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:30

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The OS must know specific information about processes in order to manage, control them and also to implement the process model, the OS maintains a table (an array of structures), called the process table, with one entry per process.These entries are called process control blocks (PCB) – also called a task control block. This entry contains information about the process’state, its program counter, stack pointer, memory allocation, the status of its open files, its accounting and scheduling information, and everything else about the process that must be saved when the process is switched from running to ready or blocked state so that it can be restarted later as if it had never been stopped.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />PCB Such information is usually grouped into two categories: Process State Information and Process Control Information. Including these:<br /><br /> <b>   Process state. </b>The state may be new, ready, running, waiting, halted, and so on.<br /><b>    Program counter.</b> The counter indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed for this process.<br /><b>    CPU registers.</b> The registers vary in number and type, depending on the computer architecture. They include accumulators, index registers, stack pointers, and general-purpose registers, plus any condition-code information.<br />    <b>CPU-scheduling information.</b> This information includes a process priority, pointers to scheduling queues, and any other scheduling parameters.<br />   <b> Memory-management information.</b> This information may include such information as the value of the base and limit registers, the page tables, or the segment tables, depending on the memory system used by the OS.<br />    Accounting information. This information includes the amount of CPU and real time used, time limits, account numbers, job or process numbers, and so on.<br />  <b>  I/O status information.</b> This information includes the list of I/O devices allocated to the process, a list of open files, and so on.<br /><br /></div>
</div>

Process Control Block In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:30

The OS must know specific information about processes in order to manage, control them and also to implement the process model, the OS maintains a table (an array of structures), called the process table, with one entry per process.These entries are… Read more »

26Dec2014

Program v/s Process v/s Thread

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:27

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<b>What is a Program?</b><br /><br />A program is an executable file residing on the disk (secondary storage) in a directory. It is also termed as a set of instructions stored in the secondary storage device that are intended to carry out a specific job. It is read into the primary memory and executed by the kernel.<br /><br />
<b>What is a process?</b><br /><br />An executing instance of a program is called a process. Some operating systems use the term ‘task‘ to refer to a program that is being executed.<br /><br />A process is termed as an ‘active entity’ since it is always stored in the main memory and disappears if the machine is power cycled. Several process may be associated with a same program.<br /><br />On a multiprocessor system, multiple processes can be executed in parallel. On a uni-processor system, though true parallelism is not achieved, a process scheduling algorithm is applied and the processor is scheduled to execute each process one at a time producing an illusion of concurrency.<br /><br />Example: Executing multiple instances of the ‘Calculator’ program. Each of the instances are termed as a process.<br /><br /><b>What is a thread?</b><br /><br />A thread is called a ‘lightweight process’. It is similar to a real process but executes within the context of a process and shares the same resources allotted to the process by the kernel.<br /><br />A process has only one thread of control – one set of machine instructions executing at a time. A process may also be made up of multiple threads of execution that execute instructions concurrently. Multiple threads of control can exploit the true parallelism possible on multiprocessor systems. On a uni-processor system, a thread scheduling algorithm is applied and the processor is scheduled to run each thread one at a time.<br /><br />All the threads running within a process share the same address space, file descriptor, stack and other process related attributes. Since the threads of a process share the same memory, synchronizing the access to the shared data within the process gains unprecedented importance.<br />- See more at: http://localhost:81/test/program-vs-process-vs-thread/#sthash.fLTVrAGJ.dpuf</div>

Program v/s Process v/s Thread

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:27

What is a Program?A program is an executable file residing on the disk (secondary storage) in a directory. It is also termed as a set of instructions stored in the secondary storage device that are intended to carry out a specific job. It is read in… Read more »

26Dec2014

Seek Time & Rotational Latency Time In OS

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:25

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<b>Seek time:-</b><br />The total amount of time required for information on a disk drive to be found. The lower this value is the faster the hard drive will be able to find or read data. Examples of common hard drive seeks times are 8ms and 10ms.<br /><b>Rotational Latency Time:-</b><br />Rotational delay or rotational latency is the time required for the addressed area of a computer’s disk drive (or drum) to rotate into a position where it is accessible by the read/write head. The term applies to rotating storage devices (such as a hard disk or floppy disk drive, and to the older drum memory systems).<br /><br />Rotational delay is one of the three delays associated with reading or writing data on a disk, and somewhat similar for CD or DVD drives. The others are seek time and transfer time. Sometimes spin-up time is considered as an independent fourth factor though it is a rotational delay that only affects systems that automatically spin down (turn off) drives to conserve power, noise, etc..<br /></div>

Seek Time & Rotational Latency Time In OS

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:25

Seek time:-The total amount of time required for information on a disk drive to be found. The lower this value is the faster the hard drive will be able to find or read data. Examples of common hard drive seeks times are 8ms and 10ms.Rotational Late… Read more »

26Dec2014

Differences Between Windows & Linux Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:24

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<div class="entry-content clearfix">
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313"><div align="center">
<b>Windows</b></div>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="325"><div align="center">
<b>Linux</b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">1.Windows are Open Source software development</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">1.Linux is an example of Open Source software development</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">2. Microsoft Windows can run between 2000-15000 INR per each license copy.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">2. The majority of Linux variants are available for free or at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">3. The file formats supported by it are FAT, FAT32, NTFS, exFAT.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">3. It supports wide variety of file formats like Xfs, Btrfs, FAT, FAT32, Ext2.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">4. Microsoft Windows is not open source and the majority of Windows programs are not open source.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">4. Many of the Linux variants and many Linux programs are open source and enable users to customize or modify the code however they wish to.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">5. Microsoft windows are less secure.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">5. Linux operating system are more secure than windows.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">6. Windows installationprocess is easy and user friendly.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">6.Linux operating system installation is difficult as compare to the windows.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">7. Although Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for free, the majority of the programs will cost anywhere between 1200 – 20000+ INR per copy.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">7. Many of the available software programs, utilities, and games available on Linux are freeware or open source. Even such complex programs such as Gimp, Open Office, Star Office, and wine are available for free or at a low cost.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">8. Windows operating system are less reliable but now Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still cannot match the reliability of Linux.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">8. The majority of Linux variants and versions are notoriously reliable and can often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">9. Windows are generally developed & designed by the Microsoft Corporation.</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">9. Windows are generally developed & designed Linus Torvalds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">10. Windows operating system are generally processed by MS-DOS</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">10. Linux operating system are generally processed by Basic Terminal (CLI)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="313">11. Windows are only updated by using Windows updates</td>
<td valign="top" width="325">11. Linux can be easily updated by many methods</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="hatom-extra" style="display: none; visibility: hidden;">
<span class="entry-title">Differences Between Windows & Linux Operating System</span> was last modified: <span class="updated"> December 22nd, 2014</span> by <span class="author vcard"><span class="fn">Allicient</span></span></div>
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Differences Between Windows & Linux Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:24

Windows Linux 1.Windows are Open Source software development 1.Linux is an example of Open Source software development 2. Microsoft Windows can run between 2000-15000 INR per each license copy. 2. The majority of Linux variants are available for fre… Read more »

26Dec2014

Demand Paging In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:22

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Demand paging is a form of virtual memory, where a page of memory will be paged in if a program tries to access it and the page is not already in the main memory. Therefore, demand paging only loads pages that should be brought into real memory during the execution process, it does not need to swap all the memory for a process from the secondary memory to the main memory during the program start up.<br /><br />The advantage of this process is that, only pages that are needed during the execution process are loaded, so there is more space in the main memory and therefore more processes can be loaded, reducing context switching time, which normally uses up a large amount of memory resources. However, demand paging means that programs can face extra latency when they attempt to access a page for the first time, this process may also be vulnerable to possible security risks such as timing attacks.<br /><br />Demand paging process;<br /><br />1.Program attempts to find a page.<br /><br />2.If the page is located in the main memory then the program runs as normal.<br /><br />3.If the page cannot be located then what is known as a page-fault trap occurs.<br /><br />4.Then the memory reference is checked to determine it is a valid reference to a location on secondary memory, if it is then the page will have to be paged in.<br /><br />5.The desired page is scheduled to be read into main memory.<br /><br />6.This operation is restarted at the point before the page-fault trap occurs. (Steps 1 & 2).<br /><br />7.The program can now access the desired page in the main memory.<br /></div>

Demand Paging In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:22

Demand paging is a form of virtual memory, where a page of memory will be paged in if a program tries to access it and the page is not already in the main memory. Therefore, demand paging only loads pages that should be brought into real memory duri… Read more »

26Dec2014

RAID levels In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:21

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<b>RAID</b> (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O (input/output) operations can overlap in a balanced way, improving performance. Since multiple disks increases the mean time between failures (MTBF), storing data redundantly also increases fault tolerance.<br /><br /><br /><br /><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS:<br />RAID level 0: Striping<br />RAID level 1: Mirroring and performance improvements<br />RAID level 3: Byte-level parity<br />RAID level 4: Block-level parity<br />RAID level 5: Rotating parity<br />RAID level 6: Tolerates failure of two disk drives</b><br /><b>RAID 0</b><br /><br />Technically speaking RAID 0 is not a RAID level, but it is customarily viewed as RAID. Let’s say that you have three disk drives. Instead of writing everything on the first disk drive, you split the data up. So the first chunk of that file would be placed on disk one, the next chunk would be placed on disk two and the final chunk would be placed on disk three. You would then repeatedly rotate around that until the file is actually included on the correct array.<br /><br />You should think of RAID 0 as striping. Essentially, you have broken the file data down into pieces and placed them in the first, second and third arrays until they land in the correct array. Instead of reading the data from one disk drive, you now read the data parallel from all disk drives and then you combine the data on the other end. Essentially, you end up getting the performance of three disk drives and therefore the access of that file is vastly improved. This is classic striping.<br /><br />So the performance factor in RAID 0 improves because you have three disk drives pumping data back at you. There is also no impact on the availability of the data. If one of those three disk drives dies, your whole file is ruined because you do not have any coherent, consistent data, you have a chunk missing.<br /><br /><b>RAID 1</b><br /><br />RAID 1, also known as mirroring, is essentially where you have two disk drives and whatever you put on disk one, you simultaneously put on disk two. The idea is that if one of those two disks dies, then you have the other disk that is still working and therefore you achieve data availability improvements.<br /><br />You can also achieve performance improvements with RAID 1. When everything is functioning correctly — both of the disk drives are spinning, behaving properly and you’re reading data from both disk drives — you’re read performance will improve double for all practical purposes.<br /><br />There is a performance improvement in the situation of read, but not in terms if write. You also achieve extra availability of your data, because if one disk drive dies, you can access your information from the other disk drive.<br /><br /><b>RAID 3</b><br /><br />RAID 3 is the process of gaining up a certain number of disk drives, with the minimum number of drives being three. For this particular example, we’ll use five disk drives. Four of those disk drives would be data disks drives and the fifth would actually be a parity disk drive.<br /><br />The idea is that you have striped the data on the first four disk drives and then you calculate a parity from those drives to be placed on the fifth disk drive. In this type of situation, if any of those single disk drives fail, you can actually re-create that information by using the other four disk drives that are still working.<br /><br />So RAID 3 is very common in large, sequential workloads, such as video files. You want to be able to read a video file very quickly and you want to keep going from one end to the other. Very often, video files prefer to use RAID 3; you lock the first four drives in the example and just start extracting information from those drives in a rapid fashion. Performance and availability both improve greatly because any one of those five disk drives can die, but your data will still be safe.<br /><br /><b>RAID 4</b><br /><br />RAID 4 is very similar to RAID 3 in that a parity disk drive is always one of the five associated disk drives. But the difference is instead of doing the parity at the byte level, in RAID 4, the parity is done at the block level.<br /><br />The difference between RAID 3 and RAID 4 is very minor, and is only really applicable when you start looking at the finer art of RAID systems. Beyond performing parity at the byte level, the amount of data that is considered a chunk also differentiates RAID 4 from RAID 3.<br /><b><br />RAID 5</b><br /><br />RAID 5 is very similar to RAID 3 and is probably the most popular level of the technology. In RAID five, the last disk drive is not the only drive that contains parity data in the array.<br /><br />In RAID 5, you rotate the parity in the five disk drives. So the first array may contain four drives of data and then one drive of parity, then the next array would contain three disks of data and then two disks of parity. In essence, parity is moved around in a round robin-type fashion. All five disk drives have a combination of data and parity.<br /><br />Again, if a single disk drive in that pairing dies, you can re-create that information from the remaining four disk drives. So you can tolerate a single disk drive failure, which improves the availability of data. This also improves performance because you are striping the data on the other four disk drives.<br /><br /><b>RAID 6</b><br /><br />RAID 6 is similar to RAID 5 in terms of striping and parity, with the major difference being that RAID 6 can tolerate two disk drives failing. In RAID 6, up to two disk drives can die and you can still have an efficient level of data availability.<br />- See more at: http://localhost:81/test/raid-levels-in-operating-system/#sthash.oN65zYyb.dpuf</div>

RAID levels In Operating System

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:21

RAID (redundant array of independent disks; originally redundant array of inexpensive disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks. By placing data on multiple disks, I/O (input/output) oper… Read more »

26Dec2014

Distributed Operating System & Parallel operating systems

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:20

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Distributed Operating System:-</b><br /><br />It is a model where distributed applications are running on multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating system that supports higher levels of communication and integration of the machines on the network.<br /><br />This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but runs on multiple, independent central processing units (CPUs).<br /><br /><br /><br />                             <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3abUPLSCZtvpPedxQpGI6OmaGX1o2jnjrmDihPV7rk5_WEmlG09OVDt8DcgVolBlaEdc9J6qUNKb4Af61BLK2qhHOlTJYldQdqc9koPt-R0E4FEoCKJxYDlCtjzfTd-qoj8yU7M49Fy-L/s1600/Node_Organization-Distributed_Model@allicient.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3abUPLSCZtvpPedxQpGI6OmaGX1o2jnjrmDihPV7rk5_WEmlG09OVDt8DcgVolBlaEdc9J6qUNKb4Af61BLK2qhHOlTJYldQdqc9koPt-R0E4FEoCKJxYDlCtjzfTd-qoj8yU7M49Fy-L/s1600/Node_Organization-Distributed_Model@allicient.png" width="400" /></a><br /><br />These systems are referred as loosely coupled systems where each processor has its own local memory and processors communicate with one another through various communication lines, such as high speed buses or telephone lines. By loosely coupled systems, we mean that such computers possess no hardware connections at the CPU – memory bus level, but are connected by external interfaces that run under the control of software.<br /><br /><b>Parallel operating systems :-</b><br /><br />Parallel operating systems are used to interface multiple networked computers to complete tasks in parallel. The architecture of the software is often a UNIX-based platform, which allows it to coordinate distributed loads between multiple computers in a network. Parallel operating systems are able to use software to manage all of the different resources of the computers running in parallel, such as memory, caches, storage space, and processing power. Parallel operating systems also allow a user to directly interface with all of the computers in the network.<br /><br />A parallel operating system works by dividing sets of calculations into smaller parts and distributing them between the machines on a network. To facilitate communication between the processor cores and memory arrays, routing software has to either share its memory by assigning the same address space to all of the networked computers, or distribute its memory by assigning a different address space to each processing core. Sharing memory allows the operating system to run very quickly, but it is usually not as powerful. When using distributed shared memory, processors have access to both their own local memory and the memory of other processors; this distribution may slow the operating system, but it is often more flexible and efficient.</div>

Distributed Operating System & Parallel operating systems

Theallicient 0 Operating System 15:20

Distributed Operating System:-It is a model where distributed applications are running on multiple computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network operating system that supports higher levels of comm… Read more »

26Dec2014

Check Who is Accessing your Wireless Connection

Unknown 0 Softwares and Utilities 16:04

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Wireless Network Watcher is a small utility that scans your wireless network and displays the list of all computers and devices that are currently connected to your network.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-bO7GvEggS370oZfBoVsn4aVqycV5OaKQVgdXqvL8dXAuUtIW1vjFNsyiqvXTmd_4LlvI5vbs0hWCAwEK3cKsbVoZYu3hlumBvfT5pWkjUNIHhmDTIYYgBPIJoAb_bOj7bo1g2jof21T/s1600/wifi_logo@allicient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl-bO7GvEggS370oZfBoVsn4aVqycV5OaKQVgdXqvL8dXAuUtIW1vjFNsyiqvXTmd_4LlvI5vbs0hWCAwEK3cKsbVoZYu3hlumBvfT5pWkjUNIHhmDTIYYgBPIJoAb_bOj7bo1g2jof21T/s1600/wifi_logo@allicient.png" /></a></div><br />
<br />
For every computer or device that is connected to your network, the following information is displayed: IP address, MAC address, the company that manufactured the network card, and optionally the computer name. This would help you quickly note down the culprit who has gained access to your wireless network unauthorized<br />
<br />
You can also export the connected devices list into html/xml/csv/text file, or copy the list to the clipboard and then paste into Excel or other spreadsheet application.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/oh7eenkkxdx1xek/WNetWatcher.zip?dl=0" target="_blank"><img alt="download_now" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyyFFA1UjU1z5XpJ1LHoS8r4UucFlOJW1XF03KHQ2KYD6ZWc64YbpM9gi2Vog4x1l_a0lEKS340p57LteEuliwAFg7yLmtydNwYqCWn9O_JLMs2G0dQ_lfricvSjCb7jZBuTVgG__vCKH4/s1600/download_icon@allicient.png" /></a></div><br />
</div>

Check Who is Accessing your Wireless Connection

Unknown 0 Softwares and Utilities 16:04

Wireless Network Watcher is a small utility that scans your wireless network and displays the list of all computers and devices that are currently connected to your network. For every computer or device that is connected to your network, the followin… Read more »

23Dec2014

Create Nameless Files & Folders in windows Xp

Unknown 0 Tips and Tricks 15:55

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>This Trick will allow you to create files and folders without any name only in windowsXp.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEN0SYtDeKNVSCsDX2H8VTrC5FDPEehGkELLKFZkXho7PVIJXenbKHKAVNYhnZnmkTWvJuE2Fm0r9GAgjgZ8wLEeAFVtjCJKrqIFN9SH4lyaRh7nslRQnppb8ikqplVX6NR0mT453pHOo/s1600/win_xp_tricks@allicient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEN0SYtDeKNVSCsDX2H8VTrC5FDPEehGkELLKFZkXho7PVIJXenbKHKAVNYhnZnmkTWvJuE2Fm0r9GAgjgZ8wLEeAFVtjCJKrqIFN9SH4lyaRh7nslRQnppb8ikqplVX6NR0mT453pHOo/s1600/win_xp_tricks@allicient.png" width="200" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Just follow the following Steps:<br />
<br />
1.Select any file or folder.<br />
<br />
2.Right click on it, press rename or simply press F2.<br />
<br />
3.Press and hold the alt key. While holding the Alt key, type numbers 0160 from the numpad.<br />
<br />
Note: Type the numbers 0160 from the numpad, that is, the numbers present on the right side of the keyboard. Don’t type the numbers which are present on top of the character keys.<br />
<br />
4.Press Enter and the nameless file or folder will be created.<br />
<br />
Reason: The file or folder that seems nameless is actually named with a single space.<br />
<br />
But what if you want to create another nameless file or folder in the same directory ?<br />
<br />
For this you will have to rename the file with 2 spaces. Just follow these steps below:<br />
<br />
1.Select file, press F2.<br />
<br />
2.Hold alt key and type 0160 from the numpad.<br />
<br />
3.Release the alt key. Now without doing anything else, again hold alt key and press 0160.<br />
<br />
4.Press enter and you will have second nameless file in the same directory.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijjC0OwkBmXNrTuy2AHa_dYFiLkoKsTWGAUqdySLOLwDPpkbIoXkSWD2fpdUwig1-s-jFl9XQxf9G6pL_MJuqdBM8AirjxTl4oBgHjrxWf0DGN-4t7wqoEfTUzprqIvnQ1LvSO8pUnjrp/s1600/without_name@allicient.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijjC0OwkBmXNrTuy2AHa_dYFiLkoKsTWGAUqdySLOLwDPpkbIoXkSWD2fpdUwig1-s-jFl9XQxf9G6pL_MJuqdBM8AirjxTl4oBgHjrxWf0DGN-4t7wqoEfTUzprqIvnQ1LvSO8pUnjrp/s1600/without_name@allicient.jpg" /></a></div>5.Repeat step 3 to create as many nameless files or folders in the same directory. <br />
</div>

Create Nameless Files & Folders in windows Xp

Unknown 0 Tips and Tricks 15:55

This Trick will allow you to create files and folders without any name only in windowsXp. Just follow the following Steps: 1.Select any file or folder. 2.Right click on it, press rename or simply press F2. 3.Press and hold the alt key. While holding… Read more »

23Dec2014

Linux Commands for System Administrators

Unknown 0 Tips and Tricks 15:50

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><b>1. Uptime Command</b><br />
In Linux uptime command shows since how long your system is running and the number of users are currently logged in and also displays load average for 1,5 and 15 minutes intervals.<br />
<br />
# uptime<br />
<br />
08:16:26 up 22 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.22<br />
<br />
Check Uptime Version<br />
<br />
Uptime command don’t have other options other than uptime and version. It gives information only in hours:mins if it less than 1 day.<br />
<br />
[tecmint@tecmint ~]$ uptime -V<br />
procps version 3.2.8<br />
<br />
<b>2. W Command</b><br />
<br />
It will displays users currently logged in and their process along-with shows load averages. also shows the login name, tty name, remote host, login time, idle time, JCPU, PCPU, command and processes.<br />
<br />
# w<br />
<br />
08:27:44 up 34 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.08<br />
USER     TTY   FROM      LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT<br />
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.29s  0.09s w<br />
<br />
Available options<br />
<br />
    -h : displays no header entries.<br />
    -s : without JCPU and PCPU.<br />
    -f : Removes from field.<br />
    -V : (upper letter) – Shows versions.<br />
<b><br />
3. Users Command</b><br />
<br />
Users command displays currently logged in users. This command don’t have other parameters other than help and version.<br />
<br />
# users<br />
<br />
tecmint<br />
<br />
<b>4. Who Command</b><br />
<br />
who command simply return user name, date, time and host information. who command is similar to w command. Unlike w command who doesn’t print what users are doing. Lets illustrate and see the different between who and w commands.<br />
<br />
# who<br />
<br />
tecmint  pts/0        2012-09-18 07:59 (192.168.50.1)<br />
<br />
# w<br />
<br />
08:43:58 up 50 min,  1 user,  load average: 0.64, 0.18, 0.06<br />
USER     TTY      FROM              LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT<br />
tecmint  pts/0    192.168.50.1     07:59    0.00s  0.43s  0.10s w<br />
<br />
Who command Options<br />
<br />
    -b : Displays last system reboot date and time.<br />
    -r : Shows current runlet.<br />
    -a, –all : Displays all information in cumulatively.<br />
<br />
<b>5. Whoami Command</b><br />
<br />
whoami command print the name of current user. You can also use “who am i” command to display the current user. If you are logged in as a root using sudo command “whoami” command return root as current user. Use “who am i” command if you want to know the exact user logged in.<br />
<br />
# whoami<br />
<br />
tecmint<br />
<br />
<b>6. ls Command</b><br />
<br />
ls command display list of files in human readable format.<br />
<br />
# ls -l<br />
<br />
total 114<br />
dr-xr-xr-x.   2 root root  4096 Sep 18 08:46 bin<br />
dr-xr-xr-x.   5 root root  1024 Sep  8 15:49 boot<br />
<br />
Sort file as per last modified time.<br />
<br />
# ls -ltr<br />
<br />
total 40<br />
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  6546 Sep 17 18:42 install.log.syslog<br />
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 22435 Sep 17 18:45 install.log<br />
-rw-------. 1 root root  1003 Sep 17 18:45 anaconda-ks.cfg<br />
<br />
<b>7. Crontab Command</b><br />
<br />
List schedule jobs for current user with crontab command and -l option.<br />
<br />
# crontab -l<br />
<br />
00 10 * * * /bin/ls >/ls.txt<br />
<br />
Edit your crontab with -e option. In the below example will open schedule jobs in VI editor. Make a necessary changes and quit pressing :wq keys which saves the setting automatically.<br />
<br />
# crontab -e<br />
<br />
<b>8. Less Command</b><br />
<br />
less command allows quickly view file. You can page up and down. Press ‘q‘ to quit from less window.<br />
<br />
# less install.log<br />
<br />
Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch<br />
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY<br />
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686<br />
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch<br />
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch<br />
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch<br />
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch<br />
<br />
<b>9. More Command</b><br />
<br />
more command allows quickly view file and shows details in percentage. You can page up and down. Press ‘q‘ to quit out from more window.<br />
<br />
# more install.log<br />
<br />
Installing setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch<br />
warning: setup-2.8.14-10.el6.noarch: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY<br />
Installing filesystem-2.4.30-2.1.el6.i686<br />
Installing ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6.noarch<br />
Installing xml-common-0.6.3-32.el6.noarch<br />
Installing tzdata-2010l-1.el6.noarch<br />
Installing iso-codes-3.16-2.el6.noarch<br />
--More--(10%)<br />
<br />
<b>10. CP Command</b><br />
<br />
Copy file from source to destination preserving same mode.<br />
<br />
# cp -p fileA fileB<br />
<br />
You will be prompted before overwrite to file.<br />
<br />
# cp -i fileA fileB<br />
<br />
<b>11. MV Command</b><br />
<br />
Rename fileA to fileB. -i options prompt before overwrite. Ask for confirmation if exist already.<br />
<br />
# mv -i fileA fileB<br />
<br />
<b>12. Cat Command</b><br />
<br />
cat command used to view multiple file at the same time.<br />
<br />
# cat fileA fileB<br />
<br />
You combine more and less command with cat command to view file contain if that doesn’t fit in single screen / page.<br />
<br />
# cat install.log | less<br />
<br />
# cat install.log | more<br />
<br />
<b>13. Cd command (change directory)</b><br />
<br />
with cd command (change directory) it will goes to fileA directory.<br />
<br />
# cd /fileA<br />
<br />
<b>14. pwd command (print working directory)</b><br />
<br />
pwd command return with present working directory.<br />
<br />
# pwd<br />
<br />
/root<br />
<br />
<b>15. Sort command</b><br />
<br />
Sorting lines of text files in ascending order. with -r options will sort in descending order.<br />
<br />
#sort fileA.txt<br />
<br />
#sort -r fileA.txt<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rPjRxej0KjNH1pYdSBDge8spymZvDNyQJ0dgkVDKbTc7-OjyaY6HwMylfu3k7jHGZZvJYJ4kgruyzV_NLrZsqc5CZCmChtEuND2aHQjTqiGXPZYbr2vfFK2yibRUtIuuxpPqGcYAe87p/s1600/linux-lo@allicient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_rPjRxej0KjNH1pYdSBDge8spymZvDNyQJ0dgkVDKbTc7-OjyaY6HwMylfu3k7jHGZZvJYJ4kgruyzV_NLrZsqc5CZCmChtEuND2aHQjTqiGXPZYbr2vfFK2yibRUtIuuxpPqGcYAe87p/s1600/linux-lo@allicient.png" /></a></div><br />
<br />
<b>16. VI Command</b><br />
<br />
Vi is a most popular text editor available most of the UNIX-like OS. Below examples open file in read only with -R option. Press ‘:q‘ to quit from vi window.<br />
<br />
# vi -R /etc/shadows<br />
<br />
<b>17. SSH Command (Secure Shell)</b><br />
<br />
SSH command is used to login into remote host. For example the below ssh command will connect to remote host (192.168.50.2) using user as narad.<br />
<br />
# ssh narad@192.168.50.2<br />
<br />
To check the version of ssh use option -V (uppercase) shows version of ssh.<br />
<br />
<b># ssh -V</b><br />
<br />
OpenSSH_5.3p1, OpenSSL 1.0.0-fips 29 Mar 2010<br />
<br />
<b>18. Ftp or sftp Command</b><br />
<br />
ftp or sftp command is used to connect to remote ftp host. ftp is (file transfer protocol) and sftp is (secure file transfer protocol). For example the below commands will connect to ftp host (192.168.50.2).<br />
<br />
# ftp 192.168.50.2<br />
<br />
# sftp 192.168.50.2<br />
<br />
Putting multiple files in remote host with mput similarly we can do mget to download multiple files from remote host.<br />
<br />
# ftp > mput *.txt<br />
<br />
# ftp > mget *.txt<br />
<br />
<b>19. Service Command</b><br />
<br />
Service command call script located at /etc/init.d/ directory and execute the script. There are two ways to start the any service. For example we start the service called httpd with service command.<br />
<br />
# service httpd start<br />
OR<br />
# /etc/init.d/httpd start<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>20. Top Command</b><br />
<br />
top command displays processor activity of your system and also displays tasks managed by kernel in real-time. It’ll show processor and memory are being used. Use top command with ‘u‘ option this will display specific User process details as shown below. Press ‘O‘ (uppercase letter) to sort as per desired by you. Press ‘q‘ to quit from top screen.<br />
<br />
# top -u tecmint<br />
<br />
top - 11:13:11 up  3:19,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00<br />
Tasks: 116 total,   1 running, 115 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie<br />
Cpu(s):  0.0%us,  0.3%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st<br />
Mem:   1030800k total,   736188k used,   294612k free,    51760k buffers<br />
Swap:  2064376k total,        0k used,  2064376k free,   547704k cached<br />
<br />
PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND<br />
1889 tecmint   20   0 11468 1648  920 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.59 sshd<br />
1890 tecmint   20   0  5124 1668 1416 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.44 bash<br />
6698 tecmint   20   0 11600 1668  924 S  0.0  0.2   0:01.19 sshd<br />
6699 tecmint   20   0  5124 1596 1352 S  0.0  0.2   0:00.11 bash<br />
<br />
<b>21. Tar Command</b><br />
<br />
tar command is used to compress files and folders in Linux. For example the below command will create a archive for /home directory with file name as archive-name.tar.<br />
<br />
# tar -cvf archive-name.tar /home<br />
<br />
To extract tar archive file use the option as follows.<br />
<br />
# tar -xvf archive-name.tar<br />
<br />
<b>22. Grep Command</b><br />
<br />
grep search for a given string in a file. Only tecmint user displays from /etc/passwd file. we can use -i option for ignoring case sensitive.<br />
<br />
# grep tecmint /etc/passwd<br />
<br />
tecmint:x:500:500::/home/tecmint:/bin/bash<br />
<br />
<b>23. Find Command</b><br />
<br />
Find command used to search files, strings and directories. The below example of find command search tecmint word in ‘/‘ partition and return the output.<br />
<br />
# find / -name tecmint<br />
<br />
/var/spool/mail/tecmint<br />
/home/tecmint<br />
/root/home/tecmint<br />
<br />
<b>24. lsof Command</b><br />
<br />
lsof mean List of all open files. Below lsof command list of all opened files by user tecmint.<br />
<br />
# lsof -u tecmint<br />
<br />
COMMAND  PID    USER   FD   TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF   NODE NAME<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  cwd    DIR      253,0     4096      2 /<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint   txt      REG      253,0    532336 298069 /usr/sbin/sshd<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412940 /lib/libcom_err.so.2.1<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393156 /lib/ld-2.12.so<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          298643 /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          393173 /lib/libnsl-2.12.so<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412937 /lib/libkrb5support.so.0.1<br />
sshd    1889 tecmint  DEL    REG      253,0          412961 /lib/libplc4.so<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>25. ps command</b><br />
<br />
ps command displays about processes running in the system. Below example show init process only.<br />
<br />
# ps -ef | grep init<br />
<br />
root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init<br />
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init<br />
<br />
<b>26. kill command</b><br />
Use kill command to terminate process. First find process id with ps command as shown below and kill process with kill -9 command.<br />
<br />
# ps -ef | grep init<br />
root         1     0  0 07:53 ?        00:00:04 /sbin/init<br />
root      7508  6825  0 11:48 pts/1    00:00:00 grep init<br />
<br />
# kill- 9 7508<br />
<br />
<b>27. rm command</b><br />
<br />
rm command used to remove or delete a file without prompting for confirmation.<br />
<br />
# rm filename<br />
<br />
Using -i option to get confirmation before removing it. Using options ‘-r‘ and ‘-f‘ will remove the file forcefully without confirmation.<br />
<br />
# rm -i test.txt<br />
<br />
rm: remove regular file `test.txt'?<br />
<br />
<b>28. mkdir command example.</b><br />
<br />
mkdir command is used to create directories under Linux.<br />
<br />
# mkdir directoryname<br />
<br />
</div>

Linux Commands for System Administrators

Unknown 0 Tips and Tricks 15:50

1. Uptime Command In Linux uptime command shows since how long your system is running and the number of users are currently logged in and also displays load average for 1,5 and 15 minutes intervals. # uptime 08:16:26 up 22 min, 1 user, load average… Read more »

23Dec2014

CSS Media Queries for Standard Devices

Unknown 0 HTML and CSS 10:00

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Here are the some commonly used  CSS Media Queries for devices like iphone , ipad, android tablets etc…<br />
<pre class="brush:html">/* Smartphones (portrait and landscape) ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-device-width : 320px)
and (max-device-width : 480px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* Smartphones (landscape) ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-width : 321px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* Smartphones (portrait) ———– */
@media only screen
and (max-width : 320px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* iPads (portrait and landscape) ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-device-width : 768px)
and (max-device-width : 1024px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* iPads (landscape) ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-device-width : 768px)
and (max-device-width : 1024px)
and (orientation : landscape) {
/* Styles */
}
/* iPads (portrait) ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-device-width : 768px)
and (max-device-width : 1024px)
and (orientation : portrait) {
/* Styles */
}

/* Desktops and laptops ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-width : 1224px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* Large screens ———– */
@media only screen
and (min-width : 1824px) {
/* Styles */
}

/* iPhone 4 ———– */
@media
only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5),
only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio : 1.5) {
/* Styles */
}
</pre></div>

CSS Media Queries for Standard Devices

Unknown 0 HTML and CSS 10:00

Here are the some commonly used CSS Media Queries for devices like iphone , ipad, android tablets etc… /* Smartphones (portrait and landscape) ———– */ @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { /* Styles */ } … Read more »

23Dec2014

Windows 10 Technical Preview

Unknown 0 Softwares and Utilities 23:21

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">Microsoft only unveiled Windows 10 to the world yesterday, but you can already download a preview version of the new operating system today. The Windows 10 Technical Preview is designed for enthusiasts, developers, and enterprise customers to evaluate the latest changes to Windows. Microsoft has created a special insiders program to deliver regular updates throughout the Windows 10 development cycle, and those who sign up will get the very latest software to test.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6T96MQm2GkUG76Q1TLNEjAlJsV7Q20uasLAYdMd7P1X9qaB-mGVZh1pnFxgJlEAIajSvOZWqXma0DqmGljCsLD8RwbyhyphenhyphenRtBMTiZpU7CkNc3S4xv_BISvWBH03spG7L2dkcdY__Cvlf_o/s1600/windows_10_startmenu_cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6T96MQm2GkUG76Q1TLNEjAlJsV7Q20uasLAYdMd7P1X9qaB-mGVZh1pnFxgJlEAIajSvOZWqXma0DqmGljCsLD8RwbyhyphenhyphenRtBMTiZpU7CkNc3S4xv_BISvWBH03spG7L2dkcdY__Cvlf_o/s1600/windows_10_startmenu_cropped.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">It’s an unusual move for Microsoft, but one that it plans to capitalize on by looking closely at feedback from those who opt to install the early version of Windows 10. Microsoft is releasing Windows 10 Technical Preview as an ISO download, meaning you can install it in a virtual machine, clean install the OS on a spare machine, or even attempt to upgrade your existing Windows 8.1 installation. It’s a very early build of Windows 10 so there will be bugs, but if you’re interested in testing the very latest version of Windows then Microsoft’s preview site has all the details for downloading and installing Windows 10.</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://iso.esd.microsoft.com/W9TPI/FD54DF81A4CCF4511BA1445C606DDBA2/WindowsTechnicalPreview-x86-EN-US.iso" target="_blank"><img alt="http://iso.esd.microsoft.com/W9TPI/FD54DF81A4CCF4511BA1445C606DDBA2/WindowsTechnicalPreview-x86-EN-US.iso" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUHb3klGOpIdpZlFy45DqPAlnqtZG1M1QypumPemSjxlGxySO2hOpmgl_q0Q6cwjbkoP3129htHMgs3SMrHbUlHaMwHj_Tz-4hPp6z5nmUCx7WvaJa2n9edwEqtoyGXicIteqT1QgjF2_b/s1600/download_icon_86.png" title="Download_now" /></a><a href="http://iso.esd.microsoft.com/W9TPI/FD54DF81A4CCF4511BA1445C606DDBA2/WindowsTechnicalPreview-x64-EN-US.iso" target="_blank"><img alt="Download_now" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz87ZTsawCB0fnzO-OEXnP_ybbNNifzoh-hnmzUZ-VLd_PllZ_EgE77_fQv4iCLTTUUQ6OYxpMnJj5_n_gPELe3f8MtENZrI_TI-nex1DPLY457qGMYQByRklLOFeOHRgIttf_LwTUUhcJ/s1600/download_icon_64.png" /></a></div><br />
</div>

Windows 10 Technical Preview

Unknown 0 Softwares and Utilities 23:21

Microsoft only unveiled Windows 10 to the world yesterday, but you can already download a preview version of the new operating system today. The Windows 10 Technical Preview is designed for enthusiasts, developers, and enterprise customers to evaluat… Read more »

22Dec2014

Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64

Unknown 1 Softwares and Utilities 23:10

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Download Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64 (Single Link) iSO 2014 With Product Key –  Windows 9 the latest edition windows that will be published by microsoft is this one. The newest & more power up when we compare with windows 8.1 edition. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCraKek0eoiCGIsgcl0Qz9W_3sdGCRvE6PL34khD2PBykanPDtLE6fyxysLPHfo3e3oORHq5-6PDJzNRR4tf33uaDRnaC0UJ1ahIRFd6ecnv9YxO1EPPa4OnU8UZEuIkn2TPlyjaRNK3fY/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+(Eng%2Bx64%2BSingle%2BLink)%2BMay%2B2014.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCraKek0eoiCGIsgcl0Qz9W_3sdGCRvE6PL34khD2PBykanPDtLE6fyxysLPHfo3e3oORHq5-6PDJzNRR4tf33uaDRnaC0UJ1ahIRFd6ecnv9YxO1EPPa4OnU8UZEuIkn2TPlyjaRNK3fY/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+(Eng%2Bx64%2BSingle%2BLink)%2BMay%2B2014.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7Rfy3_bAO00XEaduOxKPm2lEcoD-ykPunGs907epJyvCmVyQr6erW4_QcmYrzG7Mxn1VY6qRA3LXDngLiAp1DzXsQwuYOAsRpa9XDh84TIaOA2rZJ_BRqDF3x3YBuc303cnxSPp4-T9l/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+Dekstop+Eng+x64+Single+Link)%2BMay%2B2014.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI7Rfy3_bAO00XEaduOxKPm2lEcoD-ykPunGs907epJyvCmVyQr6erW4_QcmYrzG7Mxn1VY6qRA3LXDngLiAp1DzXsQwuYOAsRpa9XDh84TIaOA2rZJ_BRqDF3x3YBuc303cnxSPp4-T9l/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+Dekstop+Eng+x64+Single+Link)%2BMay%2B2014.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4H7FJvbql3FPxJLOAiAWWW_VPzewE2lUyoWczsFypCTjaVUeA2PMJUGq2ZDS1O3uyrcgcYOKuXgi0V11bGlJKRhZg69XOZQrm8NzyIju1kZTMgZSjxnKZUS2BhzZc4Q_fggzAudUAnQlf/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+Install+Language+(Eng%2Bx64%2BSingle%2BLink)%2BMay%2B2014.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4H7FJvbql3FPxJLOAiAWWW_VPzewE2lUyoWczsFypCTjaVUeA2PMJUGq2ZDS1O3uyrcgcYOKuXgi0V11bGlJKRhZg69XOZQrm8NzyIju1kZTMgZSjxnKZUS2BhzZc4Q_fggzAudUAnQlf/s1600/Windows+9+Professional+Install+Language+(Eng%2Bx64%2BSingle%2BLink)%2BMay%2B2014.png" width="320" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
<div>
Windows 9 Pro 2014 Download Full Version</div>
<div>
  Version : Professional</div>
<div>
 Languange : English</div>
<div>
  Type File : Rar/ISO</div>
<div>
 Code File : 9pro.may2014</div>
<div>
 Password : No</div>
<div>
Medicine : Include – PreActivated</div>
<div>
 OS Support : Win 9 x64 Bit</div>
<div>
 Updated : 6 Mei 2014</div>
<div>
 Publisher : Microsoft/MOD</div>
<div>
<b>Software included: </b></div>
<div>
Bit Torrent 7.8.2 Build 30417, CCleaner Professional 4.08.4428</div>
<div>
CPU-Z 1.68, Adobe Flash Player ActiveX 12, Internet Download  Manager 6.12 Final, .NET Framework Version AIO, K-Lite Codec Pack 10.15  (Full), Ultra ISO 9.8.1, USB Disk Security 6.2.0.432, Team Viewer 9, USB  Safely Remove 5.2 Final, VLC, Media Player 2.1.3, Visual C++ 2008 SP1  Redis, Microsoft Silverlight 5.1.10411.0 Final x64, Java Runtime  Environment 1.7.0.45, Visual C++ 2005 Redis, Visual C++ 2005 SP1_Redis,  Winrar 5.0, Visual C++ 2010 Redis, Visual C++ 2012 Redis, Visual C++  2008 Redis, Aimp Player 3.55, Adobe Reader 11.4, Adobe Flash Player  12.0.235, Autorun Virus Remover v3.3, Boot Screen Win9 By DiLshad Sys,  Firefox 28 Final, Glary Utilities 4, DirectX32, FileZilla FileZilla  3.8.0, Notepad++ 6.5, Skype 6.11.0.102, GOM Player 2.2.57.5189, Hotspot  Shield 3.37, Internet Explorer 11 Final X64.</div>
- See more at: http://localhost:81/test/download-windows-9-pro-full-eng-x64/#sthash.Xam1thVb.dpuf</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
Windows 9 Pro 2014 Download Full Version</div>
  Version : Professional<br />
 Languange : English<br />
  Type File : Rar/ISO<br />
 Code File : 9pro.may2014<br />
 Password : No<br />
Medicine : Include – PreActivated<br />
 OS Support : Win 9 x64 Bit<br />
 Updated : 6 Mei 2014<br />
 Publisher : Microsoft/MOD<br />
Software included: <br />
Bit Torrent 7.8.2 Build 30417, CCleaner Professional 4.08.4428<br />
CPU-Z 1.68, Adobe Flash Player ActiveX 12, Internet Download Manager 6.12 Final, .NET Framework Version AIO, K-Lite Codec Pack 10.15 (Full), Ultra ISO 9.8.1, USB Disk Security 6.2.0.432, Team Viewer 9, USB Safely Remove 5.2 Final, VLC, Media Player 2.1.3, Visual C++ 2008 SP1 Redis, Microsoft Silverlight 5.1.10411.0 Final x64, Java Runtime Environment 1.7.0.45, Visual C++ 2005 Redis, Visual C++ 2005 SP1_Redis, Winrar 5.0, Visual C++ 2010 Redis, Visual C++ 2012 Redis, Visual C++ 2008 Redis, Aimp Player 3.55, Adobe Reader 11.4, Adobe Flash Player 12.0.235, Autorun Virus Remover v3.3, Boot Screen Win9 By DiLshad Sys, Firefox 28 Final, Glary Utilities 4, DirectX32, FileZilla FileZilla 3.8.0, Notepad++ 6.5, Skype 6.11.0.102, GOM Player 2.2.57.5189, Hotspot Shield 3.37, Internet Explorer 11 Final X64.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://turbobit.net/download/free/onya21k7c6b1" target="_blank"><img alt="http://turbobit.net/download/free/onya21k7c6b1" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz87ZTsawCB0fnzO-OEXnP_ybbNNifzoh-hnmzUZ-VLd_PllZ_EgE77_fQv4iCLTTUUQ6OYxpMnJj5_n_gPELe3f8MtENZrI_TI-nex1DPLY457qGMYQByRklLOFeOHRgIttf_LwTUUhcJ/s1600/download_icon_64.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
Download  Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64 (Single Link) iSO 2014 With Product Key –   Windows 9 the latest edition windows that will be published by  microsoft is this one. The newest & more power up when we compare  with windows 8.1 edition. - See more at:  http://localhost:81/test/download-windows-9-pro-full-eng-x64/#sthash.Xam1thVb.dpuf<br />
<div id="stcpDiv" style="left: -1988px; position: absolute; top: -1999px;">
Download  Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64 (Single Link) iSO 2014 With Product Key –   Windows 9 the latest edition windows that will be published by  microsoft is this one. The newest & more power up when we compare  with windows 8.1 edition. - See more at:  http://localhost:81/test/download-windows-9-pro-full-eng-x64/#sthash.Xam1thVb.dpuf</div>
</div>
</div>

Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64

Unknown 1 Softwares and Utilities 23:10

Download Windows 9 Pro Full Eng x64 (Single Link) iSO 2014 With Product Key – Windows 9 the latest edition windows that will be published by microsoft is this one. The newest & more power up when we compare with windows 8.1 edition. Windows 9 Pr… Read more »

22Dec2014

Importaint Concepts in SAD

Unknown 0 B.Tech, SAD 22:28

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="color: #3366ff;"><span style="color: #3366ff;"><b>Role Of System Analyst :-</b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Systems Analyst is an “IT Business Analyst” who is more focused on system design and the technical aspects of the solution.</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">The systems analyst’s role is mostly  system solution centric (does not generally participate in the  requirements gathering process) and is involved in the creation of  functional and technical specifications. This is the professional who,  once requirements are clearly defined, creates the functional solution  and, by working with the technical team (architect and developers),  creates technical specifications and designs.</span><br />
Other common titles for this role are: Systems Engineer, Business Analyst (generic term), etc.</li>
<li><b><b><span style="color: #3366ff;">Quality Control :-</span></b></b>1.  Quality Control is concerned with the software product being developed.  It measures and controls the quality of the software as it is being  developed.<br />
2. Quality control system provides routine checks to ensure that the software is being developed correctly without errors.<br />
3. The Quality Control system identifies and addresses product errors/defects. <span id="more-211"></span><br />
4. Quality Control ensures that the final product is error free and satisfactory.<br />
5. Quality Control (QC) can also be referred as testing activity.</li>
<li><b><span style="color: #3366ff;">Main Importance of feasibility study in Software Development :-         </span></b><span style="color: black;">The  aim of a feasibility study is to see whether it is possible to develop a  system at a reasonable cost. At the end of the feasibility study a  decision is taken whether to proceed or not. A feasibility study contains the general requirements of the proposed system.<br />
Let us consider the task of setting up an Information System for a  nursery and seeing how Information Technology can help it run more  efficiently.  </span></li>
<li><b><b><span style="color: #3366ff;">Audit Trail:-</span></b></b> <div class="pos" id="a167:392Z7p1"><span id="a13Z8p1">An audit trail is a logical record of computer activities/usage/processing pertaining to an operating</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:412Z9p1"><span id="a13Z10p1">or application system or user activities. An information system may have several audit trails, each</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:432Z11p1"><span id="a13Z12p1">devoted to a particular type of activity. All these audit trails are primarily extracted from the audit</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:452Z13p1"><span id="a13Z14p1">log recorded on chronological basis. The audit log is maintained only for the list of activities</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:473Z15p1"><span id="a13Z16p1">specified for which the log is to be maintained. The information can be recorded varies including</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:493Z17p1"><span id="a13Z18p1">but not limited to</span></div><div class="pos" id="a194:513Z19p1"><span id="a13Z20p1"><b>1. Time stamp for the log in/out time</b></span></div><div class="pos" id="a194:533Z21p1"><span id="a13Z22p1"><b>2. Terminal in use</b></span></div><div class="pos" id="a194:554Z23p1"><span id="a13Z24p1"><b>3. Files accessed</b></span></div><div class="pos" id="a194:574Z25p1"><span id="a13Z26p1"><b>4. Transactions performed</b></span></div><div class="pos" id="a194:594Z27p1"><span id="a13Z28p1"><b>5. Amendments made</b></span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:635Z29p1"><span id="a13Z30p1">Audit trails can provide a means to help accomplish several security-related objectives, including</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:655Z31p1"><span id="a13Z32p1">individual accountability, reconstruction of events (actions that happen on a computer system),</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:675Z33p1"><span id="a13Z34p1">intrusion detection, and problem analysis, as well as evidence of the correct processing regimes</span></div><div class="pos" id="a167:695Z35p1"><span id="a13Z36p1">within a system.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTfUZvpIT-SdXeWOOa0ZLoi25q6MfovFasxYdBiURwYHcI3YRCpFsa-W1WEy9BnJIcr_TnLnrarPWjlOXzltsNfcApI6HHc1ueJFRcF4kCSYG8OflQep7pIrNalRsSMtAkaoO-AnyaPde/s1600/sad.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRTfUZvpIT-SdXeWOOa0ZLoi25q6MfovFasxYdBiURwYHcI3YRCpFsa-W1WEy9BnJIcr_TnLnrarPWjlOXzltsNfcApI6HHc1ueJFRcF4kCSYG8OflQep7pIrNalRsSMtAkaoO-AnyaPde/s1600/sad.png" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div></li>
<li><b><b><span style="color: #3366ff;">Various Types of threats in computer system:- </span></b></b><b>1. Trojan</b>.  Trojan is one of the most complicated threats among all. Most of the  popular banking threats come from the Trojan family such as Zeus and  SpyEye. It has the ability to hide itself from antivirus detection and  steal important banking data to compromise your bank account. If the  Trojan is really powerful, it can take over your entire security system  as well. As a result, a Trojan can cause many types of damage starting  from your own computer to your online account. <b>2. Virus</b>. Looking at the technology 10 years back,  Virus is something really popular. It is a malicious program where it  replicates itself and aim to only destroy a computer. The ultimate goal  of a virus is to ensure that the victim’s computer will never be able to  operate properly or even at all. It is not so popular today because  Malware today is designed to earn money over destruction. As a result,  Virus is only available for people who want to use it for some sort of  revenge purpose.<br />
<b>3. Worms</b>. One of the most harmless threats where it  is program designed only to spread. It does not alter your system to  cause you to have a nightmare with your computer, but it can spread from  one computer to another computer within a network or even the internet.  The computer security risk here is, it will use up your computer hard  disk space due to the replication and took up most of your bandwidth due  to the spread.<br />
<b>4. Spyware</b>. Is a Malware which is designed to spy on  the victim’s computer. If you are infected with it, probably your daily  activity or certain activity will be spied by the spyware and it will  find itself a way to contact the host of this malware. Mostly, the use  of this spyware is to know what your daily activity is so that the  attacker can make use of your information. Such as if you browse on sex  toys for a week every day, the attacker will try to come out with a sex  toy scam to cheat on your money.<br />
<b>5. Scareware</b>. Scareware is something that plant into  your system and immediately inform you that you have hundreds of  infections which you don’t have. The idea here is to trick you into  purchasing a bogus anti-malware where it claims to remove those threats.  It is all about cheating your money but the approach is a little  different here because it scares you so that you will buy.<br />
<b>6. Keylogger</b>. Something that keeps a record of every  keystroke you made on your keyboard. Keylogger is a very powerful  threat to steal people’s login credential such as username and password.  It is also usually a sub-function of a powerful Trojan.<br />
<b>7. Adware</b>. Is a form of threat where your computer  will start popping out a lot of advertisement. It can be from non-adult  materials to adult materials because any ads will make the host some  money. It is not really harmful threat but can be pretty annoying.</li>
</ul></div>

Importaint Concepts in SAD

Unknown 0 B.Tech, SAD 22:28

Role Of System Analyst :-The Systems Analyst is an “IT Business Analyst” who is more focused on system design and the technical aspects of the solution. The systems analyst’s role is mostly system solution centric (does not generally participate in … Read more »

22Dec2014