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Various Concepts Used In Software Engineering

Theallicient 0 Software Engineering 18:14

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Throw Away Prototyping :-</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
it is
 a small part of the system is developed and then given to the end user 
to try out and evaluate. The user provides feedback which can quickly be
 incorporated into the development of the main system.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The prototype is then discarded or thrown away. This is very different to the evolutionary approach.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
 objective of throw-away prototyping is to ensure that the system 
requirements are validated and that they are clearly understood.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
 throw-away prototype is NOT considered part of the final system. It is 
simply there to aid understanding and reduce the risk of poorly defined 
requirements. The full system is being developed alongside the 
prototypes and incorporates the changes needed.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The
 advantage of this approach is the speed with which the prototype is put
 together. It also focuses the user on only one aspect of the system so 
keeping their feedback precise.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One
 disadvantage with throw-away prototyping is that developers may be 
pressurised by the users to deliver it as a final system! Another issue 
is that all the man-hours of putting together the throw away prototypes 
are lost unlike the evolutionary approach. But the benefits may outweigh
 the disadvantages.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Which approach to use (evolutionary or throw-away) will depend on the nature of the system being developed.<br />
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<h3 class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="title_text">Modularity in software engineering :-</span></h3>
<div class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
Modularity
 refers to breaking down software into different parts.  These
 parts have differerent names depending on your programming paridigm 
(for example, we talk about modules in imperative programming and 
objects in object oriented programming). Software modularity indicates 
that the number of application modules are capable of serving a 
specified business domain. 
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Modularity is successful because developers use prewritten code, 
which saves resources. Overall, modularity provides greater software 
development manageability.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Software engineering modularity allows typical applications to be 
divided into modules, as well as integration with similar modules, which
 helps developers use prewritten code. Modules are divided based on 
functionality, and programmers are not involved with the functionalities
 of other modules. Thus, new functionalities may be easily programmed in
 separate modules. </div>
<h3 class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="title_text">Code Review in software engineering :-</span><span class="title_text"> </span></h3>
<div class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="title_text"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Code review is systematic examination (often as peer review) of 
computer source code. It is intended to find and fix mistakes overlooked
 in the initial development phase, improving both the overall quality of
 software and the developers' skills. Reviews are done in various forms 
such as pair programming, informal walkthroughs, and formal inspections.</span></span><span class="title_text"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Code reviews can often find and remove common vulnerabilities such as 
format string exploits, race conditions, memory leaks and buffer 
overflows, thereby improving software security. Online software 
repositories based on Subversion (with Redmine or Trac), Mercurial, Git 
or others allow groups of individuals to collaboratively review code. 
Additionally, specific tools for collaborative code review can 
facilitate the code review process.</span></span></div>
<div class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 class="topictitle1" style="text-align: justify;">
Dynamic Analysis vs. Static Analysis:-</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dynamic analysis is the testing and evaluation of an application during runtime. 
  </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Static analysis is the testing and evaluation of an application by examining the code without executing the application. 
  </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Many software defects that cause memory and threading errors can 
be detected both dynamically and statically. The two approaches are 
complementary because no single approach can find every error. 
  </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The primary advantage of dynamic analysis: It reveals subtle 
defects or vulnerabilities whose cause is too complex to be discovered 
by static analysis. Dynamic analysis can play a role in security 
assurance, but its primary goal is finding and debugging errors. 
  </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The primary advantage of static analysis: It examines all possible
 execution paths and variable values, not just those invoked during 
execution. Thus static analysis can reveal errors that may not manifest 
themselves until weeks, months or years after release. This aspect of 
static analysis is especially valuable in security assurance, because 
security attacks often exercise an application in unforeseen and 
untested ways. 
  </div>
<h3 class="topictitle1" style="text-align: left;">
Gantt chart :-
</h3>
A Gantt chart, commonly used in project management, is one  of the 
most popular and useful ways of showing activities (tasks or events)  
displayed against time. On the left of the chart is a list of the 
activities  and along the top is a suitable time scale. Each activity is
 represented by a  bar; the position and length of the bar reflects the 
start date, duration and  end date of the activity. This allows you to 
see at a glance:<br />
<ul>
<li>What the various activities are</li>
<li>When each activity begins and ends</li>
<li>How long each activity is scheduled to last</li>
<li>Where activities overlap with other activities,  and by how much</li>
<li>The start and end date of the whole project</li>
</ul>
To summarize, a Gantt chart shows you what has to be done  (the activities) and when (the schedule).<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Gantt Chart" height="130" src="http://www.gantt.com/images/image001.gif" title="A simple Gantt chart" width="511" /></div>
<div class="title" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h3 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Non-functional requirement:-</h3>
<div class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Non-functional requirement is a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Requirement">requirement</a>
 that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a 
system, rather than specific behaviors. This should be contrasted with <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Functional requirement">functional requirements</a> that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Systems design">system design</a>. The plan for implementing non-functional requirements is detailed in the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Systems architecture">system architecture</a>.</span></b>
</div>
Broadly, functional requirements define what a system is 
supposed to do and non-functional requirements define how a system is 
supposed to be.
 Functional requirements are usually in the form of "system shall do 
<requirement>", an individual action of part of the system, 
perhaps explicitly in the sense of a <span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Function (mathematics)">mathematical function</a>, a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Black box">black box</a> description input, output, process and control <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Functional model">functional model</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="IPO Model">IPO Model</a>.
 In contrast, non-functional requirements are in the form of "system 
shall be <requirement>", an overall property of the system as a 
whole or of a particular aspect and not a specific function. The 
systems' overall properties commonly mark the difference between whether
 the development project has succeeded or failed.</span><br />
Non-functional requirements are often called qualities of a 
system. Other terms for non-functional requirements are "constraints", 
"quality attributes", "quality goals", "quality of service requirements"
 and "non-behavioral requirements".Informally these are sometimes called the "ilities", from attributes 
like stability and portability. Qualities, that is non-functional 
requirements, can be divided into two main categories:<br />
<ol>
<li>Execution qualities, such as security and usability, which are observable at run time.</li>
<li>Evolution qualities, such as <span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Software testability">testability</a>, maintainability, extensibility and scalability, which are embodied in the static structure of the software system</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></b></div>
</div>

Various Concepts Used In Software Engineering

Throw Away Prototyping :- it is a small part of the system is developed and then given to the end user to try out and evaluate. The us...

Various Concepts Used in Cloud Computing

Theallicient 0 Cloud Computing 11:11

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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Amazon Web Services (AWS)  :</b></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive, evolving cloud computing
platform provided by Amazon.com. Web services are sometimes called cloud services or
remote computing services. The first AWS offerings were launched in 2006 to provide online services
for websites and client-side
applications.<br />
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 To minimize the impact of outages and ensure robustness of the system, AWS is geographically
diversified into regions. These regions have central hubs in the Eastern USA, Western USA (two
locations), Brazil, Ireland, Singapore, Japan, and Australia. Each region comprises multiple
smaller geographic areas called availability zones.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The growing AWS collection offers over three dozen diverse services including: </div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><b>CloudDrive,</b>
which allows users to upload and access music, videos, documents, and photos from Web-connected
devices. The service also enables users to stream music to their devices.</li>
<li><b>CloudSearch</b>, a scalable search service
typically used to integrate customized search capabilities into other applications.</li>
<li><b>Dynamo
Database</b> (also known as DynamoDB or DDB), a fully-managed NoSQL database
service known for low latencies and scalability.</li>
<li><b>Elastic
Compute Cloud, </b>which allows business subscribers to run application
programs and can serve as a practically unlimited set of virtual machines (VMs).</li>
<li><b>ElastiCache,</b> a fully
managed caching service that is protocol-compliant with Memcached, an open source,
high-performance, distributed memory object caching system for speeding up dynamic Web applications
by alleviating database load.</li>
<li><b>Mechanical Turk,</b>
an application program interface (API) that
allows developers to integrate human intelligence into Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) using a network
of humans to perform tasks that computers are ill-suited for.</li>
<li><b>RedShift,</b> a petabyte-scale data warehouse service
designed for analytic workloads, connecting to standard SQL-based clients and business
intelligence tools.</li>
<li><b>Simple
Storage Service (S3),</b> a scalable, high-speed, low-cost service designed for online backup and archiving of data and application
programs.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
All AWS offerings are billed according to usage. The rates vary from service to service.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Difference Between AWS & Windows AZURE Cloud services.</b></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>

</b><br />
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  <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Parameter</span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">AMAZON Web
  Services</span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Windows Azure</span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
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<span class="ht-content-wrap"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Deployment
  Model</span></b></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .75in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Public
  Cloud</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: .25in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Public
  Cloud</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="height: 47.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="ht-content-wrap"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Service Model</span></b></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Infrastructure
  as a Service</span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infrastructure
  as a Service</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Platform
  as a Service</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
 </tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Industries</span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banking
  & Finance</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Government</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Healthcare
  & Pharmaceuticals</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet
  & Communications</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manufacturing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
  & Entertainment</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Retail
  & Customer Services</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banking
  & Finance</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Healthcare
  & Pharmaceuticals</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Internet
  & Communications</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manufacturing
  & Engineering</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Retail
  & Customer Services </span></li>
</ul>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="height: 124.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 124.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="ht-content-wrap"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Control
  Interface</span></b></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 124.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Web
  Based Application/Control Panel</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">API
  (Application Programming Interface)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Graphical
  User Interface</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 124.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Web
  Based Application/Control Panel</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">API
  (Application Programming Interface)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Command
  Line</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Features</span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Auto Scaling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cloud Storage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Content Delivery Network</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Database as a Service</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deploy Servers</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direct Connect</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DNS Management</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">File Storage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Flexible Storage Services</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Load Balancing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Messaging Services</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Auto Scaling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Block Storage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cloud Storage</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Content Delivery Network</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Database as a Service</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deploy Servers</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disaster Recovery</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Horizontal Scaling</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Load Balancing</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Messaging Services</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vertical Scaling</span></li>
</ul>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.7in;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Server OS Types</span></b></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 184.5pt;" valign="top" width="246"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Linux</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Windows</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 171.9pt;" valign="top" width="229"><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Linux</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Windows</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>
</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h3>
<b>4 Basic Principles of Cloud Computing:-</b></h3>
<div>
<b>The Right Kind of Workload Optimization </b></div>
At
 the core of cloud computing is this idea of optimizing the workload. 
This allows you to make the most of your IT resources while increasing 
your overall flexibility. Power Systems use technology like IBM’s New 
Intelligent Threads to switch between processor threading dynamically. 
The Power Systems TurboCore mode lets you provide the most performance 
per core for things like database or transaction workloads. Active 
Memory expansion lets you expand your physical memory logically by as 
much as 100 percent for memory-intensive workloads like SAP.<br />
<b>Limitless Virtualization</b><br />
With
 PowerVM, the virtualization component to IBM Power Systems, you can 
virtualize not just processor resources, but memory and I/O resources as
 well. You can use PowerVM to adjust capacity in a dynamic fashion, to 
move workloads between servers, and to maximize availability. This kind 
of virtualization even allows you to prevent planned downtime.<br />
<b>Automated Management</b><br />
Being
 able to provision resources within the cloud is key to maximizing 
utilization and efficiency. It also helps to reduce your TCO and 
management costs. Utilizing IBM Systems Director Enterprise for Power 
Systems, you have a way to manage physical as well as virtual servers in
 an automated fashion. These tools are cross-platform, too. This means 
that, no matter what your environment, the Power Systems cloud can 
provision virtual machine images and effectively allocate resources, all
 while providing you with an accurate picture of how your systems are 
operating. <br />
<b>Solutions of All Kinds</b><br />
No matter 
the shape, size or composition of your cloud, IBM Power Systems has a 
possible solution. Here are a few of the specific offerings:<br />
•    IBM
 CloudBurst. CloudBurst lets the data center quickly create and 
implement a private cloud environment. It’s a cloud computing quickstart
 aimed at a defined portion of the data center.<br />
•    IBM WebSphere 
CloudBurst Appliance. This offering lets you deploy and manage your SOA 
foundation in a cloud computing environment, and easily deploys 
WebSphere virtual images to your Power Systems partitions.<br />
•    IBM 
Smart Business Development and Test Cloud. This solution lets you create
 a private cloud environment for the purposes of development and 
testing, reducing your operating costs and your test cycle times.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Advantages of Cloud Computing :-<b> </b></h3>
<h3>
<b>Cost Efficiency</b></h3>
This
 is the biggest advantage of cloud computing, achieved by the 
elimination of the investment in stand-alone software or servers. By 
leveraging cloud’s capabilities, companies can save on licensing fees 
and at the same time eliminate overhead charges such as the cost of data
 storage, software updates, management etc.<br />
The cloud is in 
general available at much cheaper rates than traditional approaches and 
can significantly lower the overall IT expenses. At the same time, 
convenient and scalable charging models have emerged (such as 
one-time-payment and pay-as-you-go), making the cloud even more 
attractive.<br />
If you want to get more technical and analytical, 
cloud computing delivers a better cash flow by eliminating the capital 
expense (CAPEX) associated with developing and maintaining the server 
infrastructure.<br />
<b>Convenience and continuous availability</b><br />
Public
 clouds offer services that are available wherever the end user might be
 located. This approach enables easy access to information and 
accommodates the needs of users in different time zones and geographic 
locations. As a side benefit, collaboration booms since it is now easier
 than ever to access, view and modify shared documents and files.<br />
Moreover,
 service uptime is in most cases guaranteed, providing in that way 
continuous availability of resources. The various cloud vendors 
typically use multiple servers for maximum redundancy. In case of system
 failure, alternative instances are automatically spawned on other 
machines.<br />
<b>Backup and Recovery</b><br />
The
 process of backing up and recovering data is simplified since those now
 reside on the cloud and not on a physical device. The various cloud 
providers offer reliable and flexible backup/recovery solutions. In some
 cases, the cloud itself is used solely as a backup repository of the 
data located in local computers.<br />
<b>Cloud is environmentally friendly</b><br />
The
 cloud is in general more efficient than the typical IT infrastructure 
and It takes fewer resources to compute, thus saving energy. For 
example, when servers are not used, the infrastructure normally scales 
down, freeing up resources and consuming less power. At any moment, only
 the resources that are truly needed are consumed by the system.<br />
<b>Resiliency and Redundancy</b><br />
A
 cloud deployment is usually built on a robust architecture thus 
providing resiliency and redundancy to its users. The cloud offers 
automatic failover between hardware platforms out of the box, while 
disaster recovery services are also often included.<br />
<b>Scalability and Performance</b><br />
Scalability
 is a built-in feature for cloud deployments. Cloud instances are 
deployed automatically only when needed and as a result, you pay only 
for the applications and data storage you need. Hand in hand, also comes
 elasticity, since clouds can be scaled to meet your changing IT system 
demands.<br />
Regarding performance, the systems utilize distributed 
architectures which offer excellent speed of computations. Again, it is 
the provider’s responsibility to ensure that your services run on 
cutting edge machinery. Instances can be added instantly for improved 
performance and customers have access to the total resources of the 
cloud’s core hardware via their dashboards.<br />
<b>Quick deployment and ease of integration</b><br />
A
 cloud system can be up and running in a very short period, making quick
 deployment a key benefit. On the same aspect, the introduction of a new
 user in the system happens instantaneously, eliminating waiting 
periods.<br />
Furthermore, software integration occurs automatically 
and organically in cloud installations. A business is allowed to choose 
the services and applications that best suit their preferences, while 
there is minimum effort in customizing and integrating those 
applications.<br />
<b>Increased Storage Capacity</b><br />
The
 cloud can accommodate and store much more data compared to a personal 
computer and in a way offers almost unlimited storage capacity. It 
eliminates worries about running out of storage space and at the same 
time It spares businesses the need to upgrade their computer hardware, 
further reducing the overall IT cost.<br />
<b>Device Diversity and Location Independence</b><br />
Cloud
 computing services can be accessed via a plethora of electronic devices
 that are able to have access to the internet. These devices include not
 only the traditional PCs, but also smartphones, tablets etc. With the 
cloud, the “Bring your own device” (BYOD) policy can be easily adopted, 
permitting employees to bring personally owned mobile devices to their 
workplace.<br />
An end-user might decide not only which device to use, 
but also where to access the service from. There is no limitation of 
place and medium. We can access our applications and data anywhere in 
the world, making this method very attractive to people. Cloud computing
 is in that way especially appealing to international companies as it 
offers the flexibility for its employees to access company files 
wherever they are.<br />
<b>Smaller learning curve</b><br />
Cloud
 applications usually entail smaller learning curves since people are 
quietly used to them. Users find it easier to adopt them and come up to 
speed much faster. Main examples of this are applications like GMail and
 Google Docs.<br />
<h3>
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing :-</h3>
As made 
clear from the above, cloud computing is a tool that offers enormous 
benefits to its adopters. However, being a tool, it also comes with its 
set of problems and inefficiencies. Let’s address the most significant 
ones.<br />
<b>Security and privacy in the Cloud</b><br />
Security
 is the biggest concern when it comes to cloud computing. By leveraging a
 remote cloud based infrastructure, a company essentially gives away 
private data and information, things that might be sensitive and 
confidential. It is then up to the cloud service provider to manage, 
protect and retain them, thus the provider’s reliability is very 
critical. A company’s existence might be put in jeopardy, so all 
possible alternatives should be explored before a decision. On the same 
note, even end users might feel uncomfortable surrendering their data to
 a third party.<br />
Similarly, privacy in the cloud is another huge 
issue. Companies and users have to trust their cloud service vendors 
that they will protect their data from unauthorized users. The various 
stories of data loss and password leakage in the media does not help to 
reassure some of the most concerned users.<br />
<b>Dependency and vendor lock-in</b><br />
One
 of the major disadvantages of cloud computing is the implicit 
dependency on the provider. This is what the industry calls “vendor 
lock-in” since it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to migrate 
from a provider once you have rolled with him. If a user wishes to 
switch to some other provider, then it can be really painful and 
cumbersome to transfer huge data from the old provider to the new one. 
This is another reason why you should carefully and thoroughly 
contemplate all options when picking a vendor.<br />
<b>Technical Difficulties and Downtime</b><br />
Certainly
 the smaller business will enjoy not having to deal with the daily 
technical issues and will prefer handing those to an established IT 
company, however you should keep in mind that all systems might face 
dysfunctions from time to time. Outage and downtime is possible even to 
the best cloud service providers, as the past has shown.<br />
Additionally,
 you should remember that the whole setup is dependent on internet 
access, thus any network or connectivity problems will render the setup 
useless. As a minor detail, also keep in mind that it might take several
 minutes for the cloud to detect a server fault and launch a new 
instance from an image snapshot.<br />
<b>Limited control and flexibility</b><br />
Since
 the applications and services run on remote, third party virtual 
environments, companies and users have limited control over the function
 and execution of the hardware and software. Moreover, since remote 
software is being used, it usually lacks the features of an application 
running locally.<br />
<b>Increased Vulnerability</b><br />
Related
 to the security and privacy mentioned before, note that cloud based 
solutions are exposed on the public internet and are thus a more 
vulnerable target for malicious users and hackers. Nothing on the 
Internet is completely secure and even the biggest players suffer from 
serious attacks and security breaches. Due to the interdependency of the
 system, If there is a compromise one one of the machines that data is 
stored, there might be a leakage of personal information to the world.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>  </b></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Big Data :-</b></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Big data is 
an evolving term that describes any voluminous amount of structured, 
semi-structured and unstructured data that has the potential to be mined
 for information.Big data can be characterized by 3Vs: the extreme 
volume of data, the wide variety of types of data and the velocity at 
which the data must be must processed. Although big data doesn't refer 
to any specific quantity, the term is often used when speaking about 
petabytes and exabytes of data, much of which cannot be integrated 
easily.Because big data takes too much time and costs too much money to 
load into a traditional relational database for analysis, new approaches
 to storing and analyzing data have emerged that rely less on data 
schema and data quality. Instead, raw data with extended metadata is 
aggregated in a data lake and machine learning and artificial 
intelligence (AI) programs use complex algorithms to look for repeatable
 patterns.  </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Load Balancing:- </b></h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Load 
balancing is dividing the amount of work that a computer has to do 
between two or more computers so that more work gets done in the same 
amount of time and, in general, all users get served faster. Load 
balancing can be implemented with hardware, software, or a combination 
of both. Typically, load balancing is the main reason for computer 
server clustering. Load balancing is dividing the amount of work that a 
computer has to do between two or more computers so that more work gets 
done in the same amount of time and, in general, all users get served 
faster. Load balancing can be implemented with hardware, software, or a 
combination of both. Typically, load balancing is the main reason for 
computer server clustering. On the Internet, companies whose Web sites 
get a great deal of traffic usually use load balancing. For load 
balancing Web traffic, there are several approaches. For Web serving, 
one approach is to route each request in turn to a different server host
 address in a domain name system (DNS) table, round-robin fashion. 
Usually, if two servers are used to balance a work load, a third server 
is needed to determine which server to assign the work to. Since load 
balancing requires multiple servers, it is usually combined with 
failover and backup services. In some approaches, the servers are 
distributed over different geographic locations.<b></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<h3>
<b>Difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques:_</b></h3>
<b>Symmetric Encryption:-</b><br />
1) Speed is fast.<br />
2) Size of cipher text is usually the same or less than that of the plain text.<br />
3) Number of keys used is the square of the number of participants.<br />
4) Key exchange is a major problem (hence, algorithms like the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm are used).<br />
5) More storage space required.<br />
6) symmetric encryption model eliminating the need to share the key by using a pair of public-private keys.<br />
7) Symmetric Encryption is an age old technique while.<br />
8) Symmetric Encryption uses a single secret key that needs to be shared among the people who needs to receive the message.<br />
<br />
<b>Asymmetric encryption</b>:-<br />
1) Slower in speed.<br />
2) Cipher text size is usually greater than that of the plain text.<br />
3) Number of keys used is same as the number of participants.<br />
4) Key exchange is no problem.<br />
5) Less storage space required.<br />
6) Asymmetric Encryption was introduced to complement the inherent problem of the need to share the key. <br />
7) Asymmetric Encryption is relatively new.<br />
8) Asymmetric encryption uses a pair of public key, and a private key to encrypt and decrypt messages when communicating.<b></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<h3 itemprop="name">
How to Reduce Security Breaches in Cloud Computing Networks :-</h3>
In general, follow these steps to reduce the risk of suffering security breaches:<br />
<ol class="level-one">
<li><div class="first-para">
Authenticate all people accessing the network.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
Frame all access permissions so users have 
access only to the applications and data that they’ve been granted 
specific permission to access.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
Authenticate all software running on any computer — and all changes to such software.</div>
<div class="child-para">
This includes software or services running in the cloud.</div>
<div class="child-para">
Your cloud provider needs to automate and 
authenticate software patches and configuration changes, as well as 
manage security patches in a proactive way. After all, many service 
outages come from configuration mistakes.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
<b>Formalize the process of requesting permission to access data or applications.</b></div>
<div class="child-para">
This applies to your own internal systems and the services that require you to put your data into the cloud.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
<b>Monitor all network activity and log all unusual activity.</b></div>
<div class="child-para">
Deploy intruder-detection technology. Even if your
 cloud services provider enables you to monitor activities on its 
environment, you should have an independent view.</div>
<div class="child-para">
Even when cloud operators have good security (physical, network, OS, application infrastructure), it is <i>your</i> company’s responsibility to protect and secure your applications and information.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
Log all user activity and program activity and analyze it for unexpected behavior.</div>
<div class="child-para">
Nearly 70 percent of security breaches are caused 
by insiders (or by people getting help from insiders). Insiders rarely 
get caught.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
Encrypt, up to the point of use, all valuable data that needs extra protection.</div>
</li>
<li><div class="first-para">
Regularly check the network for vulnerabilities in all software exposed to the Internet or any external users.</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

Various Concepts Used in Cloud Computing

Amazon Web Services (AWS) : Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive, evolving cloud computing platform provided by Amazon.com. Web...

Various Concepts Used In ISRM

Theallicient 0 ISRM 09:03

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Q1. What Is DOS ?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">DoS attack
- Denial of Service attack is </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">a type of attack on a <a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">network</span></a> that is designed
to bring the network to its knees by flooding it with useless <a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/traffic.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">traffic</span></a>. Many DoS attacks,
such as the <i>Ping of Death</i> and <i>Teardrop</i> attacks, exploit
limitations in the <a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/T/TCP_IP.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">TCP/IP</span></a>
protocols. For all known DoS attacks, there are software fixes that system
administrators can install to limit the damage caused by the attacks. But, like
<a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/V/virus.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">viruses</span></a>, new DoS attacks
are constantly being dreamed up by <a href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/hacker.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hackers</span></a>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfSBlDjMx8c3NtIuX859kNDUxtQx7-OAEe0vSSeU703awM7oYb_ZqkyoMkbrv3si8LD3y8ebsOGTgLT2ZLz8BPFMvvlgbxb1nbIz7qqihVrrYak5s61VEU_KVb5mC_DtMll02Rnn6QJfV-/s1600/isrm@allicient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfSBlDjMx8c3NtIuX859kNDUxtQx7-OAEe0vSSeU703awM7oYb_ZqkyoMkbrv3si8LD3y8ebsOGTgLT2ZLz8BPFMvvlgbxb1nbIz7qqihVrrYak5s61VEU_KVb5mC_DtMll02Rnn6QJfV-/s1600/isrm@allicient.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Q2. What Is Non Repudiation In Network Security ?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Non-repudiation
is the ability to prove that an operation or event has taken place, so that
this cannot be repudiated later. For e-mails, for example, non-repudiation is
used to guarantee that the recipient cannot deny receiving the message, and
that the sender cannot deny sending it. Non-repudiation (NR) is one of the
security services (or dimensions as defined in the document X.805 by the ITU)
for point to point communications. Secure communications need to integrate a
service in charge of generating digital evidence (rather than simply
information logs) in order to resolve disputes arisen in case of network errors
or entities' misbehaviour when digital information is exchanged between both
points.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Q3. what is privacy and security on the internet ?</span></b></div>
<b>Data Security</b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Data security is commonly referred to as the
confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data. In other words, it is all
of the practices and processes that are in place to ensure data isn't being
used or accessed by unauthorized individuals or parties. Data security ensures
that the data is accurate and reliable and is available when those with
authorized access need it. <a href="http://business.ftc.gov/privacy-and-security/data-security"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">A data
security plan</span></a> includes facets such as collecting only the
required information, keeping it safe, and destroying any information that is
no longer needed. These steps will help any business meet the legal obligations
of possessing sensitive data. </div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Data Privacy</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Data privacy is suitably defined as the
appropriate use of data. When companies and merchants use data or information
that is provided or entrusted to them, the data should be used according to the
agreed purposes. The Federal Trade Commission enforces penalties against <a href="http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/01/choicepoint.shtm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">companies that have negated to ensure
the privacy of a customer's data</span></a>. In some cases, companies have
sold, disclosed, or rented volumes of the consumer information that was
entrusted to them to other parties without getting prior approval. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q4. What is DMZ why it is used .</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In computer networks, a DMZ (demilitarized zone)
is a computer host or small network inserted as a "neutral zone"
between a company's private network and the outside public network. It prevents
outside users from getting direct access to a server that has company data.
(The term comes from the geographic buffer zone that was set up between North
Korea and South Korea following the UN "police action" in the early
1950s.) A DMZ is an optional and more secure approach to a firewall and
effectively acts as a proxy server as well.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q5. For what application RSA is recommended ?</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The RSA algorithm is used worldwide to secure
Internet, banking and credit card transactions. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q6. What is the use of digital signature standard ?</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Digital Signature Standard (DSS) is the <a href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/digital-signature"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">digital signature</span></a>
<a href="http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/algorithm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">algorithm</span></a> (DSA)
developed by the U.S. National Security Agency (<a href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/National-Security-Agency"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">NSA</span></a>)
to generate a digital signature for the <a href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/authentication"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">authentication</span></a> of
electronic documents. DSA is a pair of large numbers that are computed
according to the specified algorithm within parameters that enable the authentication
of the signatory, and as a consequence, the <a href="http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/definition/integrity"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">integrity</span></a> of
the data attached. Digital signatures are generated through DSA, as well as
verified. Signatures are generated in conjunction with the use of a <a href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/private-key"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">private key</span></a>;
verification takes place in reference to a corresponding <a href="http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/public-key"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">public key</span></a>.
Each signatory has their own paired public (assumed to be known to the general
public) and private (known only to the user) keys. Because a signature can only
be generated by an authorized person using their private key, the corresponding
public key can be used by anyone to verify the signature.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Q7. What Is The Need Of Security Assessment?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are many benefits to doing
periodic assessments beyond simply complying with government regulations.
Undertaking regular assessments can help you to:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Find out whether your security has already been
     compromised. You might not know unless you look, and you will sleep better
     at night if you know.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stay on top of the latest security threats — with new
     attacks coming on the scene every day, you could become vulnerable even if
     nothing has changed since your last assessment!</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Make sure that your staff is being vigilant by
     maintaining a focus on IT security.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Increase awareness and understanding of security issues
     throughout your company.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Make smart security investments by prioritizing and
     focusing on the high-importance, high-payoff items.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demonstrate to your customers that security is
     important to you — this shows them that you care about them and their
     data.</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q8.What Is The Difference Between Qualitative And
Quantitative Risk Management ?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .75pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 652px;">
 <thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
   <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform
   Qualitative Risk Analysis</span></b></div>
</td>
   <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 257.15pt;" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform
   Quantitative Risk Analysis</span></b></div>
</td>
  </tr>
</thead>
 <tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  Process consider all the risks identified in the identify risk process.</span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 257.15pt;" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  process only considers the risks which are marked for further analysis in the
  Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis Process. These are the risks which have
  high impact on the project objectives.</span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  Process does not analyze the risks mathematically to identify the probability
  and distribution rather stakeholders inputs (expert judgment) are used to
  judge the probability and impact.</span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 257.15pt;" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  uses the probability distributions to characterize the risk’s probability and
  impact, it also use project model (e.g. Schedule, cost estimate),
  mathematical and simulation tools to calculate the probability and impact.</span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In this, we assess individual
  risks by assigning numeric ranking of probability and impact, usually the
  rank of 0 to 1 is used where 1 demonstrates high.</span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 257.15pt;" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This predicts likely project
  outcomes in terms of money or time based on combined effects of risks, it
  estimates the likelihood of meeting targets and contingency needed to achieve
  desired level of comfort.</span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis
  process is usually applied in most of the projects.</span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 257.15pt;" width="343"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perform Quantitative Risk Analysis
  Process may not be applied to many simple or moderately complex projects. We
  may not find its use in software projects.</span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q 9. What do you understand by VPN ?</span></b></div>
A <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">virtual private network</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">VPN</span>) extends a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">private
network</span></a> across a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public" title="Public"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">public</span></a> network, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Internet</span></a>.
It enables a computer or network-enabled device to send and receive data across
shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private
network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management
policies of the public network. A VPN is created by establishing a virtual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_%28network_topology%29" title="Point-to-point (network topology)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">point-to-point</span></a> connection
through the use of dedicated connections, virtual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_protocols" title="Tunneling protocols"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tunneling protocols</span></a>, or traffic encryption.
Major implementations of VPNs include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">OpenVPN</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">IPsec</span></a>.<br />
A VPN connection across the Internet is similar to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wide area
network</span></a> (WAN) link between websites. From a user perspective, the
extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available
within the private network.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Q
10. What Are The Essential Ingredients Of A Symmetric Cipher?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A symmetric encryption scheme has different
ingredients <br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Plaintext:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is the original message or data
that is fed into the algorithm as input.<br />
Encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm performs various substitutions
and transformations on the plaintext.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Secret key:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The secret key is also input to the encryption
algorithm. The exact substitutions and transformations performed by the
algorithm depend on the key.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Ciphertext:</b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is the scrambled message
produced as output. It depends on the plaintext and the secret key. For a given
message, two different keys will produce two different ciphertexts.<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Decryption algorithm: </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This is essentially the encryption
algorithm run in reverse. It takes the ciphertext and the secret key and
produces the original plaintext. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q11. What is Tipple DES ?</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cryptography</span></a>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Triple DES</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">3DES</span>) is the common name for the <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Triple Data Encryption Algorithm</span> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TDEA</span> or <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Triple DEA</span>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">symmetric-key</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher" title="Block cipher"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">block cipher</span></a>,
which applies the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Data Encryption Standard</span></a> (DES) cipher
algorithm three times to each data block.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The original DES cipher's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_size" title="Key size"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">key size</span></a>
of 56 bits was generally sufficient when that algorithm was designed, but the
availability of increasing computational power made <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_attack" title="Brute-force attack"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">brute-force attacks</span></a> feasible. Triple DES provides
a relatively simple method of increasing the key size of DES to protect against
such attacks, without the need to design a completely new block cipher
algorithm.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q12 What is massage authentication code ?</span></b></div>
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">cryptography</span></a>,
a <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">message authentication code</span>
(often <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">MAC</span>) is a short piece of
information used to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">authenticate</span></a> a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message" title="Message"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">message</span></a>
and to provide integrity and authenticity assurances on the message. Integrity
assurances detect accidental and intentional message changes, while
authenticity assurances affirm the message's origin.<br />
A MAC <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">algorithm</span></a>,
sometimes called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC" title="HMAC"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">keyed</span><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">cryptographic</span>)
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hash function</span></span></a>
(however, cryptographic hash function is only one of the possible ways to
generate MACs), accepts as input a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_key" title="Secret key"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">secret key</span></a>
and an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC
(sometimes known as a <i>tag</i>). The MAC value protects both a message's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">data
integrity</span></a> as well as its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">authenticity</span></a>,
by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes
to the message content.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q13. what
is digital signature ?</span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">digital
signature</span> is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of
a digital message or document. A valid digital signature gives a recipient
reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, such that the
sender cannot deny having sent the message (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">authentication</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-repudiation" title="Non-repudiation"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">non-repudiation</span></a>) and that the message was not
altered in transit (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">integrity</span></a>). Digital signatures are commonly
used for software distribution, financial transactions, and in other cases
where it is important to detect forgery or tampering.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q14. What is key distribution center ?</span></b></div>
Domain services that use directories for holding account databases and
global catalogs are called key distribution centers. In addition to holding
these databases and catalogs, a key <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-distribution-center.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">distribution
center</span></a> uses them to refer to the key distribution centers of other
domains. The idea of the key distribution center is based on cryptography and
is used in computer <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-network-security.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">network
security</span></a>. The cryptography used in these centers is a system of
secret codes that reduces the risk of exchanging keys, which are a form of
information that is <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-encryption.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">encrypted</span></a>
and controls an algorithm’s operation. Oftentimes, this kind of center operates
within a system that allows a limited amount of users access or allows users
access within limited times.<br />
A key distribution center operates using Kerberos™, which is a protocol for
network authentication. These centers ensure secure methods of authentication
when requests are made for a computer network’s services. Generally, the
distribution center operates as follows: a user requests access to particular
services within a computer network, and the center uses encrypted techniques to
authenticate that the user making the request is who he claims to be. The first
request is sent to the server, which sends a notice for the user to
authenticate himself. Upon completing this request, the request is then sent to
a server for ticket granting.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q15 What
Is Risk Management ?</span></b><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Risk management</span> is the
identification, assessment, and prioritization of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk" title="Risk"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">risks</span></a> followed by
coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and
control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_Management_pg._46_1-0"> </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or to maximize the realization of
opportunities. Risk management’s objective is to assure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">uncertainty</span></a>
does not deviate the endeavor from the business goals. <br />
Risks can come from different ways e.g. uncertainty in financial markets,
threats from project failures (at any phase in design, development, production,
or sustainment life-cycles), legal liabilities, credit risk, accidents, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">natural
causes and disasters</span></a> as well as deliberate attack from an adversary,
or events of uncertain or unpredictable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause" title="Root cause"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">root-cause</span></a>.
There are two types of events i.e. negative events can be classified as risks
while positive events are classified as opportunities. Several risk management <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">standards</span></a> have been developed including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Management_Institute" title="Project Management Institute"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Project Management Institute</span></a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">National Institute of Standards and
Technology</span></a>, actuarial societies, and ISO standards. Methods,
definitions and goals vary widely according to whether the risk management
method is in the context of project management, security, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis_%28engineering%29" title="Risk analysis (engineering)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">engineering</span></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_%26_Organizational_Assessment" title="Industrial & Organizational Assessment"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">industrial processes</span></a>,
financial portfolios, actuarial assessments, or public health and safety.<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Q16
What is PGP ?</span></b><br />
PGP (Pretty good Privacy) is the most widely recognized public key
encryption program in the world. It can be used to protect the privacy of <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-email.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">email</span></a>,
data files, drives and instant messaging.<br />
Traffic on the Internet is susceptible to snooping by third parties with a
modicum of skill. Data packets can be captured and stored for years. Even mail
servers will often indefinitely store messages, which can be read now or at a future
point, sometimes long after the author has changed his or her point of view.
Email, unlike a phone call or letter, is not legally protected as private
communication, and can therefore be read by third parties, legal or otherwise,
without permission or knowledge of the author. Many privacy watchdog groups
advocate, <i>if you aren't using encryption, don't include anything in an
email you wouldn't want to see published.</i> Ideally this includes personal
information as well, such as name, address, phone number, passwords, and so on.<br />
PGP encryption provides privacy missing from online communication. It
changes plain, readable text into a complex code of characters that is
completely unreadable. The email or instant message travels to the destination
or recipient in this cyphered form. The recipient uses PGP to decrypt the
message back into readable form. </div>

Various Concepts Used In ISRM

Q1. What Is DOS ? DoS attack - Denial of Service attack is a type of attack on a network that is designed to bring the network to it...

IDM Full version ( No need to enter any activation key )

Theallicient 0 Softwares and Utilities 17:19

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Internet Download Manager is the choice of many, when it comes to 
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjvfG1vb2u0HFQyyMUTFHm94WDmNdF0y_iH4Kf79KYE_vs-vrH6UJeTPeeYTm461trunMsaDBYyVbloJ8nm4oYWSNOOkTPRtqVa5uaOd1cWhJflTExscNmRaQMY56WiChqId4CGmK1-45C/s1600/idm_logo@allicient.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjvfG1vb2u0HFQyyMUTFHm94WDmNdF0y_iH4Kf79KYE_vs-vrH6UJeTPeeYTm461trunMsaDBYyVbloJ8nm4oYWSNOOkTPRtqVa5uaOd1cWhJflTExscNmRaQMY56WiChqId4CGmK1-45C/s1600/idm_logo@allicient.jpg" width="249" /></a></div>
IDM reuses available connections without additional 
connections to gain the best acceleration performance.<br />

Internet Download Manager houses a comprehensive error recovery 
system with resume capability features.  These will restart interrupted  
downloads due to lost connections, network issues, power outages and 
system shutdowns. IDM has a simple GUI, which makes it easy to use, or 
if you prefer, you can use Internet Download Manager from the command 
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Features include:<br />

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This latest version of IDM (6.18) has resolved issues with 1080p HD 
video recognition in Google Chrome. There is also a new feature to take 
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Internet Download Manager is the choice of many, when it comes to increasing download speeds up to 5x. IDM has a clever download logic ac...

Various Concepts Used In Network Programming

Theallicient 0 NP 20:19

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>POSIX</b> :-<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
POSIX an acronym for Portable Operating System Interface,is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for maintaining compatibility between operating systems. POSIX defines the application programming interface (API), along with command line shells and utility interfaces, for software compatibility with variants of Unix and other operating systems.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfSBlDjMx8c3NtIuX859kNDUxtQx7-OAEe0vSSeU703awM7oYb_ZqkyoMkbrv3si8LD3y8ebsOGTgLT2ZLz8BPFMvvlgbxb1nbIz7qqihVrrYak5s61VEU_KVb5mC_DtMll02Rnn6QJfV-/s1600/isrm@allicient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Semaphore :-</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In programming, especially in Unix systems, semaphores are a technique for coordinating or synchronizing activities in which multiple processes compete for the same operating system resources. A semaphore is a value in a designated place in operating system (or kernel)
 storage that each process can check and then change. Depending on the 
value that is found, the process can use the resource or will find that 
it is already in use and must wait for some period before trying again. 
Semaphores can be binary
 (0 or 1) or can have additional values. Typically, a process using 
semaphores checks the value and then, if it using the resource, changes 
the value to reflect this so that subsequent semaphore users will know 
to wait.  <b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Semaphores are commonly use for two purposes: to share a common memory 
space and to share access to files. Semaphores are one of the techniques
 for interprocess communication (IPC). The C programming language provides a set of interfaces or "functions" for managing semaphores.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>

Various Concepts Used In Network Programming

POSIX :- POSIX an acronym for Portable Operating System Interface,is a family of standards specified by the IEEE Computer Society for ma...

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Premium UberMenu free WordPress Plugin – V2.4.0.3

The Ultimate WordPress Menu UberMenu™ is a user-friendly, highly customizable, responsive Mega Menu WordPress plugin. It works out of ...